BAB L17

Question 1

What is memory

What is learning

Answer 1

Memory is retention of knowledge

Learning is acquisition

Question 2

How do learning and memory work together?

Answer 2

To adapt behaviour vs stereotypical reflexes e.g. if you touch that hot thing its painful. Store info based on experience

Question 3

What is declarative memory?

Answer 3

Also known as explicit, consciously aware, able to describe in words, Fades with time. Use it or lose it. Further broken down into semantic and episodic.

Question 4

What is semantic memory

Answer 4

memories of facts, concenpts other general knowledge

Question 5

What is episodic memory

Answer 5

long term memories of specific events

Question 6

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 6

Implicit, the how.
Skills, habits, behaviours, less likely to fade.
Things we do without really thinking about it.
Subtypes include procedural memory. Conditioned responses also considered implicit memory e.g. associative reflexes like Pavlov’s dogs. Usually unconscious and not verbally explained.

Question 7

What is procedural memory?

Answer 7

motor tasks i.e. riding a bike or typing

Question 8

How does sleep help memory?

Answer 8

It consolidates it

Question 9

What is working memory?

Answer 9

acquisition and using of info. Take new info and combine with stored memory to perhaps make new ones, or combining old ones to make new ones

Question 10

What happens in forgetting with age (memory deficit)

Answer 10

Forgetting is normal. Evidence shows ageing and forgetting has to do with acquisition and not storage being harder. Different for different types of memory, associated more with declarative memory. Evidence also suggests its there but hard to retrieve it. Decrease in synapses not neurons

Question 11

When can you get amnesia secondary to pathology?

Answer 11

traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, neurodegeneration

Question 12

What 2 main types of amnesia are there?

Answer 12

retrograde - events before trauma, particularly declarative. Usually have good memory of childhood years but not adult years.
anterograde - cant make new memories
Different process for anterograde and retrograde

Question 13

What is the anatomical location of memory?

Answer 13

hippocampus-declarative, (episodic and semantic)

cerebellum-condition timing

amygdala-emotional memory

cerebral cortex-perceptual, semantic and priming

striatum-procedural

pre-frontal cortex-working memory

Question 14

Which lobe is declarative memory in hippocampus involved?

Answer 14

Medial temporal lobes - fMRI scanning.

Question 15

What part of info processing is hippocampus involved in?

Answer 15

Acquiring new info

Question 16

Alzheimer’s patients lose what first then what type of memory

Answer 16

episodic then semantic then later lose both

Question 17

Evidence suggests sensory info goes into hippocampus as STM then to neocortex for long term memory

Answer 17

!

Question 18

Where does declarative memory go through before reaching neocortex?

Answer 18

Hippocampus–>hypothalamus–>thalamus–>neocortex

Question 19

Is hippocampus important in non-declarative memory? Where is procedural stored?

Answer 19

Much less important. Important for procedural memories, if you have damage to basal ganglia or SMA or cerebellum –> affects procedural

Question 20

Do Parkinson’s patient’s have procedural memory problem?

Answer 20

No, but later har for them to learn new motor skills

Question 21

HM patient. Bilateral temporal lobectomy

Answer 21

No hippocampus, severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memories but could learn procedural

Question 22

Where is working memory?

Answer 22

Prefrontal cortex, evidence from functioning memory in SZ and ADHD

Question 23

How do neurons store memories?

Answer 23

change in neurotransmission-physical structural change in synaptic structure. Inducing LTP can physically alter structure of neurons, grows spines, new synapses form-neurplasticity. Both of these go on called neuroplasticity. this never stops.
Change in neurotransmission by LTP and LTD

Question 24

What underlies fire together wire together

Answer 24

recording neurons in hippocampus; can see changes in membrane potential. If you really stimulate neurons they have much bigger change in membrane potential than before.

Question 25

Long Term Potentiation is used in?

Answer 25

Acquisition and storing of declarative memory

Question 26

what NT is important in LTP

Answer 26

glutamate, only AMP stimulated normally. When you have intense stimulate glutamate binds to NMDA and AMPA. So Ca entry has changed, this changes gene expression e.g. more AMPA receptors, altered kinase acitivity

Question 27

What do we lose with age?

Answer 27

NEUROPLASTICITY-plastic neurons decline with age whereas more rigid ones last with age