Cancer 11: epidemiology of cancer

Question 1

How has have the leading causes of death developped since 2000?

Answer 1

cancer 2nd to CVD
lung cancer is5th alone tho
death from cancers-mortality-have stayed quite stable
CVD death since 1975 have gone down a lot tho

Question 2

How does cancer incidence varies amongst countries?

Answer 2

nearly 3x more in developped countries
much lower in NW africa
Higher in europe and USA

Question 3

How do specific cancers types incidence vary amongst countries?

Answer 3

Different countries have different incidence-varies enormonally

australia has 100x more melanoma than china-due to sun exposure
America has higher breast cancer

Question 4

How has migrant studies indentified if cancer risk if from genetic or location?

Answer 4

If purely genetic-migrants wouldnt chance after moving
for childrens cancer-mostly genetic-but rare-migration doesnt change anything

for most other cancers-not true-diet, pollutants, environements chance cancer incidence
eg: Stomach cancer is much higher in migrants coming to USA-especially Japanese-hawaii BUT lower than in just japanese

also cancer not being genetic-rapid changes with time-like with smoking going up

Question 5

OVERALL has cancer indicence increased? why is due to? How has death rate changes

Answer 5

YES-the incidence is going up
but plateau around the last few years

possibly data is being collected better-but not only
Increase sensitivity of screening pool-identified earlier
people are dying less of other things

death rate-going down-mortality is increasing and survival is increasing-earlier detection abd better therapy

Question 6

What do we know about the etiology of cancer? What are the main risk factors?

Answer 6

thanks to genetic study, most cancer arent hereditary-95%
Can have genetic pre-dispositions-often in children with cancer

risks: Smoking, diet, alcohol, infection, occupation, reproductive hormine
40-50% of cancer should be avoidable with ideal all of these
but has been harder to see if environement pollutants and their effect because cant compare affected vs not-as everyone is
i
most of this is western influence-low physical activity, high calory food

Question 7

How much does diet contribute with cancer?

Answer 7

hard to be precise
but fiber intake from vegetable decrease colorectal cancer riks
red meat also-less is better

Question 8

How much does alcohol contribute with cancer?

Answer 8

all type-increase of oral, larynx, pharynx etc

synergistic with tabacoo

Question 9

How much does weight contribute with cancer?

Answer 9

Obesity-associated with lots of cancer=breast cancer, colon, pancreatic, endomitrial
because obesity is inflammatory disease-high cytokine + chronic-hallmark of cancer

Question 10

What are the reccomendations to limit cancer?

Answer 10

Be as lean as possible, 30min of exercise
limit sugary drinks, eat varied vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans
limit red meats
limit alcohol
limit consumtion of sodium
dont use supplements-either dont work or even worse-diverse diet still better