Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

R-Cradio-illness > Aortic Disease > Flashcards

Aortic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic histology of the tunica intima?

A

Layer of endothelial cells
Subendothelial layer - collagen and elastic fibres
Separated from the tunica media by internal elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the basic histology of the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells

Secrete elastin in the form of sheets or lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the basic histology of the tunica adventitia?

A

Thin connective tissue layer
Colagen fibres and elastic fibres
The collagen in the adventitia prevents elastic arteries from stretching beyond their physiological limits during systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does atherosclerosis begin?

A

In early childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A 
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolaemia
Smoking 
Diabetes
Family history 
Male
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the possible outcomes of atherosclerosis?

A

Stroke
MI (ischaemia and infarction)
Aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A localised enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the features of a true aneurysm?

A

Weakness and dilatation of the wall involving all 3 layers
Associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, smoking and collagen abnormalities
Also associated with trauma and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the features of a false aneurysm

A 
Rupture of the wall of the aorta with the haematoma either contained by the thin adventitial layer or by the surrounding soft tissue 
Inflammation
Thrill
Bruit
Pulsatile mass
Ischaemia 
Rupture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of thoracic aneurysms?

A

Asymptomatic
Based on location of the aneurysm
Dyspnoea or heart failure
Dysphagia and hoarseness
Sharp chest pain, radiating to back/between shoulder blades
Pulsatile mass felt on abdominal examination
Hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an aortic dissection?

A

Tear in the inner wall of the aorta
Blood forces the walls apart
Acute is a medical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the aetiological factors that cause aortic dissection?

A

Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Trauma
Marfan syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is seen on histology of a patient with aortic dissection?

A

Cystic medial necrosis - loss of elastin and muscle fibres in the media with accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in cyst-like spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What directions can false lumens progress in?

A

Antegrade or retrograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where might an aortic dissection rupture?

A

Back into the lumen or externally into the pericardium or mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What might dilatation of the ascending aorta cause?

A

Acute aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the DeBakey type I aortic dissection?

A

Originates in the ascending aorta and propagates at least to the aortic arch and often beyond it distally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the DeBakey type II aortic dissection?

A

Originates in and is confined to the ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the DeBakey type III aortic dissection?

A

Originates in the descending aorta and extends distally down the aorta or rarely retrograde into the aortic arch and ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Stanford type A aortic dissection?

A

All dissections involving the ascending aorta, regardless of the site of origin

21
Q

What is the Stanford type B aortic dissection?

A

All dissections not involving the ascending aorta

22
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of aortic dissection?

A

Tearing, severe chest pain radiating to the back
Collapse - tamponade, acute rupture, external rupture
Inferior ST elevation

23
Q

What is the mortality of aortic dissection pre-hospital?

A

Around 50%

24
Q

What might be seen on examination of a patient with aortic dissection?

A 
Reduced or absent peripheral pulses, BP mismatch between sides
Hypotension/hypertension
Soft early diastolic murmur
Pulmonary oedema
CXR usually shows widened mediastinum
25
Q

What can confirm a diagnosis of aortic dissection?

A

Echo or CT

26
Q

What is the investigation of aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection?

A

Echo
CT
CXR

27
Q

What are the treatments of aortic aneurysm and aortic dissections?

A

Surgery
Meticulous blood pressure control
Sodium nitroprusside plus a beta blocker

28
Q

What is Takayasu’s arteritis?

A

Granulomatous vasculitis of the aorta and main branches

29
Q

What sex is affected more by Takayasu’s arteritis?

A

Females

30
Q

What are the features of Takayasu’s arteritis?

A 
Stenosis
Thrombosis
Aneurysm
Renal artery stenosis
Neurological symptoms
31
Q

What are the treatment options for Takayasu’s arteritis?

A

Steroids

Surgery

32
Q

What is the causative organism of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

33
Q

What is the presentation of a primary syphilis infection?

A

Chancre

34
Q

Without treatment of a primary syphilis infection, what types of tertiary syphilis can develop?

A

Late neuro-syphilis
Gummatous syphilis
Cardiac syphilis

35
Q

When does cardiac syphilis present?

A

10-30 years post-infection

36
Q

What cardiovascular conditions can tertiary syphilis result in?

A

Syphilitic aortitis - aneurysm

Aortic regurgitation

37
Q

What are the causes of congenital aortic aneurysm?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve
Marfan syndrome
Coarctation

38
Q

What is the prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve?

A

1-2%

39
Q

What are patients with a bicuspid aortic valve prone to?

A

Stenosis
Regurgitation
Aneurysm
Dissection

40
Q

What is biscupid aortic valve associated with?

A

Coarctation

41
Q

What is the effect of a bicuspid aortic valve on the abdominal aorta?

A

Reduced tensile strength

42
Q

How can a bicuspid aortic valve be monitored?

A

Echo

MRI

43
Q

Where are the 3 shunts involved in coarctation of the aorta?

A

Ductus arteriosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus venosus

44
Q

What are the types of coarctation?

A

Pre-ductal
Ductal
Post-ductal

45
Q

What are the features of post-ductal coarctation?

A

Most common in adults
Hypertension in upper extremities
Weak pulses in lower limbs
Associated with rib notching

46
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of coarctation?

A

Cold legs
Poor leg pulses
If before left subclavian artery - radial-radial and right radial-femoral delay
If after left subclavian artery - no radial-radial delay, right and left radial-femoral delay
Heart failure
Failure to thrive in infancy
Hypertension in later life

47
Q

What imaging can be done to diagnose coarctation?

A

CXR

CMRI

48
Q

What are the features of Marfan syndrome?

A

Mutation of fibrillin 1 gene
Connective tissue disorder
Aortic or mitral valve prolapse, regurgitation
Skeletal system involvement
Eye involvement - cataract, lens dislocation
Vascular - aneurysm, dissection
Lungs - pneumothorax

R-Cradio-illness (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions