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Biology Sem 2 test 1 > Week 1 - Respiratory system > Flashcards

Week 1 - Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are lungs protected by?

A

Ribcage

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2
Q

What does our ventilation system do? And why?

A

Moves air in and out of lungs.

-This provides sufficient area for gas exchange in alveoli

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3
Q

Main components of air?

A

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Water vapour

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4
Q

What are the percentages of air components during inspiration?

A

Nitrogen - 78%
O2 - 21%
CO2 - 0.04%
Water vapour - variable

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5
Q

What are the percentages of air components during expiration?

A

Nitrogen - 78%
O2 - 12%
CO2 - 4%
Water vapour - increased

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6
Q

Steps for what happens during Inspiration?

A
  1. Intercostal muscles contract - so rib cage moves up and out.
  2. Diaphragm contracts - flattens and moves down.
  3. Thoratic cavity increases so air pressure is reduced
  4. Creates pressure gradient and air from an area of higher pressure in atmosphere moves to thoratic cavity, an area with lower pressure. As a result air moves down trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli.
  5. Oxygen diffuses through alveolar membrane to blood capillaries. CO2 diffuses from blood capillaries across alveolar membrane into alveoli.
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7
Q

Steps for what happens during Expiration?

A
  1. Intercostal muscles relax - so rib cage moves down and inwards.
  2. Diaphragm relaxes/recoils - stops being flat and moves up into dome shape.
  3. Thoratic cavity decreases so air pressure is increased.
  4. Creates pressure gradient and air from area of higher pressure in thoratic cavity moves to atmosphere an area with lower pressure.
  5. As a result air is pushed out the lungs into the atmosphere.
  6. During exercise the intercostal muscles contract further to force a larger amount of air out of the lungs to get rid of more carbon dioxide
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8
Q

Order of passage of oxygen after inspiration?

A

Trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

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9
Q

Features of trachea and bronchi?

A
  • They are different sizes
  • They both have thick walls
  • Both supported by cartilage in C-shaped rings. Though less in bronchi. C-shaped rings prevent collapse during low air pressure and allow the oesophagus to function alongside the trachea.
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10
Q

Features of Mucus?

A
  • Traps pathogens
  • Lined along epithelial tissues in airways
  • Produces by goblet cells
  • Cleared along tract by ciliated epithelium cells.
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11
Q

What’s a smooth muscle?

A

A muscle you cant manually control. In case for respiration it restricts air flow.

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12
Q

Elastic fibres?

A

Recoil as smooth muscle relaxes helping airway and alveoli to widen.

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13
Q

What does glandular tissue do?

A

Secretes mucus

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14
Q

Features of bronchioles?

A
  • More narrow than bronchi
  • Walls of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  • Larger bronchioles have some cartilage.
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15
Q

Where’s the site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

How is gas exchanged?

A

Both ways- Between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries.

17
Q

Features of alveoli that benefit diffusion?

A
  1. Alveoli wall is one cell thick for short diffusion pathway - easier diffusion.
  2. Mucus allows a diffusion gradient
  3. Rich blood supply for capillaries - Maintains strong concentration gradient for diffusion. Lots of oxygen out, lots of CO2 in.
  4. Many alveoli for larger SA.
  5. Spherical shape of alveolus provides larger SA for diffusion.
  6. Ventilation moves air in and out which helps maintain a steep diffusion gradient.
18
Q

Concentration gradient?

A

Difference in the concentration of substance between two regions.

19
Q

How to use a spirometer?

A
  1. CO2 breathed out is absorbed by soda lime.
  2. Total volume of gas gradually decreases.
  3. Volume of CO2 breathed out = Volume of oxygen breathed in.
20
Q

Tidal volume (TV)?

A

Volume of breathe at rest in and out.

21
Q

Inspirational reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Volume when you take in a big breathe in.

22
Q

Residual volume?

A

Volume of lungs left after breathing

23
Q

Experatory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Max air breathed out after a deep inbreath.

24
Q

Vital capacity?

A

Max volume of air that can be moved in and out of lungs in one breath.

25
Q

Total lungs capacity?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume.

26
Q

What is Peak expiratory flow? And how is it done? Why?

A

Measures speed of expiration
Used to see functional quality of lungs in an asthmatic.
- Breathe out as fast and as much as possible
This indicates how well the lungs are functioning.

27
Q

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)? How is it done? Why?

A

Measures total volume of air exhaled.

  • Breathe out as forcefully and rapidly as possible
  • Use spirometer
  • Diagnose obstructive diseases such as asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as it can help determine the amount of obstruction in airways.

Biology Sem 2 test 1 (7 decks)

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