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NUTR*3210 > UNIT 2: (FOOD/FEED COMPOSITION ANALYSIS) AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS > Flashcards

UNIT 2: (FOOD/FEED COMPOSITION ANALYSIS) AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical, chemical, enzymatic breakdown of complex food matrix is called…

A

digestion

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2
Q

Ability of molecules to pass through mucosal cells, blood stream, tissues is called…

A

absorption

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3
Q

The percentage of a compound from food matrix that moves into blood stream is the…

A

bioavailability or digestibility.

- effective digestion and absorption combined

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4
Q

A specialized neural net around the digestive tract is called the…

A

Enteric Nervous System or second brain.

- complete reflexes (does not require brain or spinal cord CNS)

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5
Q

What is the role of the Second Brain?

A
  • control secretion, motility, absorption, control of gut microbiome and gut immunity
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6
Q

What is the difference between the digestive system and GI tract?

A

Digestive system = GI tract + associated organs

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7
Q

Humans, pigs, cats, dogs have what type of digestive system?

A
  • simple system with non-functional caecum
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8
Q

What does a non-functional caecum mean?

A
  • not significant fermentation and VFA production
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9
Q

High fibre and low nutrient diets are suitable for simple, non-functional caecums.
True/false.

A

False

  • nutrient dense
  • low fibre
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10
Q

What are the two enzymes secreted in the oral cavity?

A
  • a- amylase

- lingual lipase

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11
Q

What is chronic heartburn called?

A

GERD - gastro-esophageal reflux disease

  • due to excess acid secretion and impairment of closing the lower esophageal sphincter
  • leading to inflammation (chronically)
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12
Q

What do the gastric glands secrete?

A
  • H2O
  • mucus
  • electrolytes
  • HCl
  • enzymes
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13
Q

What is the first step of break down of the food matrix?

A
  • break down proteins via stomach acid
  • denatured and partially degraded
  • release fat droplets to move down to GI tract
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14
Q

What are impeding waves and how do they work?

A
  • alternate regular motility sending digestive contents back in small intestine
  • intestinal receptors sense digestion is not complete
  • send message to Second Brain (Enteric Nervous System)
  • food sent backwards for more complete digestion
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15
Q

The small intestine is 40 square metres. The large surface area adaptations include intestinal surface folds. What are these folds called?

A

Kerckring folds

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16
Q

Where are villi located?

A

sits on surface of folds

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17
Q

What does each villi have associated with it?

A
  • central lacteal
  • arteriole
  • venule
  • capillary bed (to hepatic circulation)
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18
Q

What are the components of villi?

A

maintained by

  • ECM proteins
  • intestinal epithelial
  • intestinal mucosal
  • enterocytes (epithelial cells of villi)
  • crypts are stem cells that replace enterocytes every 3 days
19
Q

Microvilli are …

A

the tiny finger like projections that cover each enterocyte from outer surface of the mucosal cell

20
Q

What acts as a site for binding of digestive enzymes?

A

Mesh of glycoproteins anchored in membrane and reach into lumen
- allows for enzyme products to be formed near transporters of cell membrane

21
Q

What is recovered in the colon?

A
  • water

- electrolytes (sodium and chloride)

22
Q

What is absorbed in the colon?

A
  • absorption in the colon is reduced greatly

- lipid soluble nutrients and VFAs can be absorbed slowly

23
Q

Colonic biodiversity increases/decreases as the human body ages or enters chronic disease states

A

Decreases

24
Q

What is the role of the microbiome?

A

Ferment:

  • undigested fibre
  • resistant starch
  • some protein
25
Q

What are the products of fermentation?

A
  • VFA
  • lactate
    (VFA absorbed at site and used for energy)
26
Q

What do these have in common?
Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid

A

These are VFAs.
Acetic acid -> acetyl coA (TCA energy equivalents)
Butryric acid –> 2 acetyl coAs
Propionic acid –> only fatty acid that can give origin to glucose

27
Q

A horse, rabbit, and hamster have what type of digestive system?

A

Simple system with functional caecum.

28
Q

What is a pseudo-ruminant?

A

another name for digestive system: simple system with functional caecum
- pseudo-ruminant with hind-gut fermentation

29
Q

What is survival and energy balance dependent on horses?

A

Animals with simple system with functional caecum

  • depends on significant levels of fermentation
  • and VFA production in hindgut
30
Q

Simple system with functional caecum:
____ amounts of forage which has _____ fibre and ____ nutrient density. Most of these diets are high in soluble/insoluble fibres like cellulose and hemicellulose.

A
  • Large amounts of forage
  • high fibre
  • low nutrient density
  • high insoluble fibres
31
Q

Are cellulose and hemicellulose considered digestible or indigestible?

A
  • indigestible in humans
  • digestible in simple system with functional caecum
  • cellulose is insoluble, but with wet surface bacteria can attack bonds of polysaccharides
32
Q

What is a fringe environment?

A
  • little nutrient dense food available
33
Q

Cattle, sheep, and goats have what type of digestive system?

A

Ruminant/multiple system

34
Q

What are the 4 sections of a large stomach (ruminant/multiple system)

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
  • abomasum
35
Q

What type of diets are ruminant/multiple systems suitable for?

A
  • high roughage diets

- low density of essential nutrients

36
Q

What did the low density of essential nutrients in (rumen/multiple system) result in?

A
  • synthesis of essential nutrients prior to arrival in stomach and small intestine (sites of absorption)
  • huge expansion of esophagus
37
Q

What is the site of fermentation?

A

reticulum and rumen (lower esophagus)

38
Q

What is the site of excess water removal?

A

omasum (lower esophagus)

39
Q

When a cow chews + saliva, food then moves to reticulum and rumen where large pieces of food are collected, food is then regurgitated to mouth for further chewing… what is this process called?

A

Rumination

  • increases surface area in food matrix
  • increases fermentation (of cellulose and hemi-cellulose)
40
Q

This part of the digestive system looks like a honeycomb, traps foreign materials, and is where microbial fermentation occurs.

A

Reticulum

41
Q

This part of the digestive system is the largest part of the stomach, rich in VFAs.

A

Rumen

- rumen papillae increase surface area for absorption

42
Q

Where does foregut fermentation occur?

A

reticulo-rumen

43
Q

What are advantages of foregut fermentation?

A
  • essential a.a. and vitamins liberated, and a.a. nutrients from bacteria itself available for absorption
  • bacteria can metabolize non-protein nitrogen sources (urea) to form a.a. and proteins
44
Q

Where are digestive enzymes such as pepsinogen and lipase, HCl, mucin secreted in ruminant/multiple system organisms?

A

the Abomasum “true stomach”
items:
- lower availability food residue, large amnts of bacteria from rumen

NUTR*3210 (15 decks)

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