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CPR1 Exam 2 > 10 - Renal Embryology > Flashcards

10 - Renal Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

This is located in the trunk and is immediately lateral to each somite. It segments into cylindrical structures.

A

Intermediate Mesoderm

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2
Q

This is what produces the urinary system and parts of the genital system. The urinary system develops first.

A

Intermediate Mesoderm

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3
Q

This is a longitudinal band of mesoderm that forms on each side of the dorsal aorta.

A

Urogenital Ridge

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4
Q

A portion of the urogenital ridge will form the…

A

Nephrogenic Cord

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5
Q

The Nephrogenic Cord gives rise to what nephric structures?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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6
Q

What are the functions of the three nephric structures?

A

Proenphros = Rudimentary

Mesoenphros = Functions briefly during early fetal period

Metanephros = Permanent kidneys

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7
Q

Briefly explain the steps from the Urogenital Ridge to reach the permanent kidneys.

A 
Urogenital Ridge ---
Nephrogenic Cord ---
Pronephros ---
Mesonephros ---
Metanephros (Permanent Kidneys)
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8
Q

These are bilateral, transitory structures that appear early in the 4th week. Located in cervical region.

A

Proenphros

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9
Q

Pronephric ducts run caudally and open into the ________.

A

Cloaca

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10
Q

The pronephros degenerate by ________ days, but the pronephric ducts persist and are used by _________.

A

24-25

Mesonephros

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11
Q

Pronephros are important because they initiate the cascade leading to formation of the definitive ________.

A

Kidney

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12
Q

These are bilateral, transient structures that appear late in the 4th week. They are caudal to pronephros.

A

Mesonephros

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13
Q

The Mesonephros includes the _________ _________ and _________ _________.

A

Mesonephric Ducts

Mesonephric Tubules

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14
Q

The Mesonephric Ducts develop first and induce the Mesonephric Tubules to form from surrounding…

A

Intermediate Mesoderm

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15
Q

Mesonephric Tubules will from ________ ________.

A

Renal Corpuscles

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16
Q

For the Mesonephric Tubules, the medial end of them is a cup-shaped ________ ________ that wraps around a ________ (knot of capillaries).

A

Glomerular Capsule

Glomerulus

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17
Q

These function as interim kidneys from 6-10 weeks, producing small amounts of urine.

A

Mesonephric Tubules

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18
Q

After 10 weeks, the Mesonephric Tubules stop functioning. They will regress in females and form ________ _______ in males. These degenerate by _______ weeks.

A

Efferent Ductules

12

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19
Q

This arises during the 5th week and is the caudal end of each Mesonephric Duct. It induces the Ureteric Bud.

A

Metanephros

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20
Q

What does the Metanephros form?

A

Ureteric Bud (Collecting Portion) = outgrowth of Mesonephric Duct

Metanephric Blastema (Excretory Portion) = from Nephrogenic Cord

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21
Q

The Metanephros forms the functional and definitive ________ by the 9th-10th week.

A

Kidney

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22
Q

Definitive kidneys have what two portions?

A

Excretory Portion

Collecting Portion

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23
Q

The Ureteric Bud (part of Metanephros) elongates and penetrates the ________, to form the _______ _______.

A

Blastema

Renal Pelvis

24
Q

The stalk of the Ureteric Bud becomes the…

A

Ureter

25
Q

The cranial part of the bud branches are the ________ _______.

A

Collecting Tubules

26
Q

The 1st generations (4) of collecting tubules enlarge and become ________ ________. 2nd generations (4) become ________ _______.

A

Major Calices

Minor Calices

27
Q

Describe the steps of Nephron development.

A

1) Arched collecting tubule induces cells of metanephrogenic blastema to form metanpehric vesicles.
2) Vesicle will elongate to form metanephric tubules.
3) Proximal end will form glomerular capsule, is invaded by glomeruli.
4) Other end of the tubule lengthens and differentiates into PCT, DCT, and Nephron loop.
5) Each DCT contacts an arched collecting tubule – Now connected.

28
Q

Permanent kidneys lie within the pelvis and gradually ascend into the abdomen. The ________ medially rotates 90 degrees, and the adult position is reached by the 9th week. At this point they’re in contact with _______ _______.

A

Hilum

Suprarenal Glands

29
Q

The kidneys receive blood supply from vessels that are the closest. The first branch form from ________ _______, and the definitive _______ _______ are from the abdominal aorta. Former branches undergo involution and disappear.

A

Common Iliacs

Renal Arteries

30
Q

What adult structures does the Ureteric Bud (Collecting Portion) form?

A

Ureter
Renal Pelvis
Major and Minor Calyces
Collecting Ducts

31
Q

What adult structures does the Metanephric Blastema (Excretory Portion) form?

A

Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

32
Q

This is a congenital anomaly that occurs when one of the kidneys doesn’t form. Occurs in 1:1,000 and is more frequent in males. Typically asymptomatic. Suspected in infants with 1 umbilical artery.

A

Unilateral Renal Agenesis

33
Q

This is a congenital anomaly that occurs when neither of the kidneys forms. Occurs in 1:3,000. Oligohydramnios occurs, and is nonviable – pulmonary hypoplasia. Can also occur in Potter Syndrome (20%).

A

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

34
Q

What are the type of duplications that can occur with the kidney/ureter?

A

– Abnormal division of ureteric bud

– Incomplete division = divided kidney and bifid ureter

– Complete division = double kidney and bifid ureter or separate ureters

35
Q

This type of congenital anomaly occurs from the fusion of inferior poles. It is asymptomatic and ascent is prevented by IMA. Occurs in 1:1000.

A

Horseshoe Kidney

36
Q

This congenital anomaly is when there are accessory renal vessels. There are multiple renal arteries (2-4). Occurs in about 25% of adult kidneys, and is 2x common as accessory veins. These can obstruct the ureter, which leads to __________. These are end arteries, so if damaged or ligated it can cause ischemia.

A

Hydronephrosis

37
Q

This disease is an autosomal recessive mutation of PKHD1. Cysts present in both kidneys and there is renal insufficiency. 25% associated with pulmonary hypoplasia.

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

38
Q

This disease is abnormal development of the renal system. Cysts are likely dilations of Loop of Henle. One kidney is affected (75%).

A

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease

39
Q

The Ventral Cloaca (distal hindgut) contains the ________ ________ and anorectal canal. These regions are separated by the ________ ________.

A

Urogenital Sinus

Urorectal Septum

40
Q

The Urogenital Sinus is critical for bladder and urethral development. What are its parts?

A

1) Vesical Part = Forms most of urinary bladder
2) Pelvic Part = Forms neck of bladder; Prostatic urethra (m) and urethra (f)
3) Phallic Part = Forms spongy urethra (m) and lining of vaginal vestibule (f)

41
Q

Between 4-6 weeks, the Mesonephric Duct is incorporated into the posterior wall of the _________.

A

Bladder

42
Q

T/F. The Ureteric Bud is also attached, which will connect the openings of the Ureteric Buds into the bladder wall.

A

True

43
Q

Openings of the Mesonephric Duct are carried inferiorly to the _______ _______. Forms the ________, the triangular region of the Mesonephric and Ureteric Ducts blending into the posterior bladder.

A

Pelvic Urethra

Trigone

44
Q

This develops mainly from the vesical part of the urogenital sinus.

A

Bladder

45
Q

What are the parts of the bladder and what embryonic layer are they derived from?

A

Epithelium = Endoderm (Urogenital Sinus)

Submucosa and Muscularis = Splanchnic Mesoderm

Trigone = Intermediate Mesoderm (Mesonephric Ducts)

46
Q

The bladder is continuous with the _________, the fetal membrane developed from the hindgut.

A

Allantois

47
Q

The Allantois constricts and forms the ________. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the _________. This will eventually form the ________ ________ ________.

A

Urachus
Umbilicus
Median Umbilical Ligament

48
Q

This congenital anomaly arises during body folding (4th week) and is a defective closure of the ventral abdominal wall. There is exposure of mucosa of the posterior wall of bladder. Occurs in 1:10-14,000, typically in males.

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

49
Q

This congenital anomaly is a urethral opening on the dorsum of the genital tubercle rather than on its ventral side. Occurs in 1:30,000 males. Exstrophy of the bladder with this occurs in 1:40,000.

A

Epispadias

50
Q

This anomaly is remnants of the epithelial lining of the urachus that can become infected and enlarged.

A

Urachal Cysts

51
Q

This anomaly is when the end of the urachus remains open into the bladder (inferior region) or umbilicus (superior region).

A

Urachal Sinus

52
Q

This anomaly is when the entire urachus remains patent and allows urine to escape from the umbilical orifice.

A

Urachal Fistula

53
Q

What are the parts of the Suprarenal Gland?

A

Cortex

Medulla

54
Q

What are the parts of the Cortex of Suprarenal Gland, and what do they produce?

A

Zona Glomerulosa = produces mineralocorticoids (regulate electrolytes)

Zona Fasciculata = produces glucocorticoids (regulate blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism)

Zona Reticularis = produces sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone-related hormones (protein synthesis in sex cells)

55
Q

The Medulla (Suprarenal Gland) consists of _________ cells that secrete _______ and ________.

A

Chromaffin
NE
Epi

56
Q

Describe the development of the Suprarenal Gland.

A

1) 5th week, coelomic epithelium delaminates and enters surrounding mesoderm — fetal cortical cells
2) NCC migrate into the Medulla and will differentiate into Chromaffin cells and postganglionic sympathetic neurons (Epi/NE)
3) Fetal cortex regresses (2nd month PN). Definitive cortical cells reorganize: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis (adult)

57
Q

The fetal cortex will secrete ________. This is converted by the placenta to ________, which is essential for maintaining pregnancy. It also secretes ACTH and glucocorticoids.

A

DHEA

Estradiol

CPR1 Exam 2 (27 decks)

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