types of liberalism

Question 1

what are the different types of liberalism

Answer 1

early classical liberalism 
late classical liberalism 
modern classical liberalism
social liberalism 
neo-liberalism

Question 2

4 features of early classical liberalism

Answer 2

revolutionary potential
negative liberty
minimal state
laissez faire capitalism

Question 3

revolutionary potential (early classical liberalism)

Answer 3

locke and Wollstonecraft ideas at the time were seen as radical
had strong opposition
required lots of argument and sometimes revolution

Question 4

negative liberty (early classical liberalism)

Answer 4

individuals should be left alone to pursue own destiny
allows them to be self reliant
affects the size of the state+economics

Question 5

minimal state (early classical liberalism)

Answer 5

negative liberty means a limited gov
Jefferson ‘government grows, our liberty withers’
minimal state strengthens power dispersal

Question 6

example of what a minimal state would include (early classical liberalism)

Answer 6

tax+legislation infrequently as possible

defence+protection of property focus areas

Question 7

laissez faire capitalism (early classical liberalism)

Answer 7

advocate end of tariffs

spread free trade

Question 8

early classical liberals

Answer 8

john locke

mary wollstonecraft

Question 9

later classical liberals

Answer 9

john stuart mill
samuel smiles
herbert spencer
jeremy bentham

Question 10

why were the principles of early classical liberalism threatened in the 1800s

Answer 10

more industrialised 
growing class consciousness=more interest in democracy+socialism

Question 11

jeremy bentham late classical liberalism

Answer 11

scientific alternative to natural rights
individuals want to maximise pleasure minimise pain
could cause clashes so gov needs to be more proactive
legislation based on greatest happiness for greatest number

Question 12

samuel smiles late classical liberalism

Answer 12

self help 1859
industrial society=harder to be self reliant
in overcoming this, individuals become more developed

Question 13

hubert spencer late classical liberalism

Answer 13

man versus the state 1884
'survival of the fittest' 
state shouldn't be extended to feeble 
natural selection 
will end up with society with thriving individual freedom

Question 14

john stuart mill late classical liberalism

Answer 14

for representative democracy
everyones views heard
stop tyranny
only uni educated could vote to safeguard reason+tolerance

Question 15

what did mill believe could happen after widespread education had occured (late classical liberalism)

Answer 15

democracy could further liberal values

refine bentham’s argument- encourage people to consider everyones interest

Question 16

characteristics of modern liberalism

Answer 16

positive liberty
enlarged state
constitutional reform

Question 17

positive liberty (modern liberalism)

Answer 17

agued by T.H Green + others
socio-economic forces out of control of individual restricted their liberty
being left alone could inhibit people
need enabling to be free to exercise individual talents

Question 18

enlarged and enabling state (modern liberalism)

Answer 18

extension of the state to protect people from socio economic forces
enable them to exploit their freedom

Question 19

constitutional reform/liberal democracy (modern liberalism)

Answer 19

e.g devolution +lords reform
increase enfranchisement
don’t like direct democracy

Question 20

what social liberalism

Answer 20

Aspect of modern liberalism- attempt to update tolerance of minorities

Question 21

social liberalism

Answer 21

increase legislation, regulation +positive descrimination
correct historical imbalance
e.g sex descrimination act 1975
supported by Friedman- is consistent with liberal values as it relates to harm principle

Question 22

neo-liberalism

Answer 22

‘third strand’
critiqued modern liberalism- creates a ‘dependency culture’
negative freedom+minimal state+reduction in public spending
want to re-store economic arrangments of 19th so reactionary

Question 23

modern liberalism has abandoned the principles of classical liberalism YES

Answer 23

negative v positive freedom
minimal v large state
laissez faire v keynsian

Question 24

modern liberalism has abandoned the principles of classical liberalism NO

Answer 24

optimistic view of human potential 
rationalism+tolerance of minorities 
individualism is the goal 
capitalism  
gov by consent