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GCSE Geography > Topic 4 - part 2 : UK’s Evolving Human Landscape > Flashcards

Topic 4 - part 2 : UK’s Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top 10 major cities in the UK?

A 
Edinburgh 
Glasgow 
Leeds
Manchester
Sheffield
Liverpool
Birmingham 
Bristol 
London
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2
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent

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3
Q

What were the cause of the economic growth outside of London?

A

Increase in coalfields outside of London
More coalfields means more coal produced and coal is a useful resource that is commonly used (e.g electricity generation) therefore being beneficial to the economy as large amounts of coal is being produced

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4
Q

What has happened to the coal industry in the UK?

A

There has been a decline in the coal industry as the UK now uses coal imports causing people to leave their jobs
UK is now less dependant in coal as they have discovered cheaper sources of energy (e.g oil, nuclear power)
UK also uses central heating rather than burning coal causing the UK to move further away from the industry

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5
Q

What is it meant by ‘Rural Periphery’?

A

Countryside areas rather than town

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6
Q

Name some negatives of the rural periphery

A

Lack of employment
Fewer opportunities
Poorer education compared to urban
Low standard of living

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7
Q

What are the 4 incentives the UK government and EU put into the Rural Periphery to attract investors?

A

Enterprise zones
Regional development grants
EU grants
Improvements to transport

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8
Q

What are the 2 causes for population growth in the UK?

A

Birth rate increase/Natural increase

Immigration

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9
Q

Name 3 factors to why birth rate is increasing

A

Higher fertility rate
High infant mortality rate
Families want to grow more

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10
Q

Suggest positives of Immigration in the UK

A

High skilled workers
New migrants stereotypically hardworking, skilled and flexible
More workers mean they can help with more production of goods/resources for economy
£2.5bn is contributed to the economy annually by Eastern European immigrants in the UK

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11
Q

Suggest negatives of immigration in the UK?

A

There have been isolated incidents of abuse and attacks on migrant workers
Some polish migrants have been exploited by unscrupulous employers and employment agencies in the UK
Sone workers have had large deductions in accommodation, transport, food etc. which have reduced their earnings considerably

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12
Q

What does Primary sector mean?

A

Production involving acquiring raw materials

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13
Q

What does Secondary sector mean?

A

Manufacturing and assembly process. Involves converting raw materials into components. Also involves assembling the product

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14
Q

What does Tertiary sector mean?

A

Commercial services that support the production and distributed process

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15
Q

What lead to de - industrialisation in the UK?

A

Foreign competition caused coal mining to lose. Lister’s mill in Bradford was the biggest factory employing 10,000 people.
Now only employs a few thousand people due to death of manufacturing
UK started having more coal trades from overseas and miners fought to save jobs however modern world took over and caused a decline in the primary sector and an increase in tertiary as manufacturing employment decreased

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16
Q

What does Quaternary sector mean?

A

Knowledge based jobs which normally includes the use of technology e.g financial banking

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17
Q

What is the knowledge economy?

A

An economy based on specialised knowledge and skill. Jobs require degrees and specialised training

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18
Q

The new Rural economy:

Suggest advantages to being in a flexible work environment

A

Ensures maximum input of skills as skills can be practiced more to best of ability
By having computers everywhere this helps with communication between staff workers so work can be done better and faster
Faster and better virtual work training and meetings
Able to balance work, life and other activities

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19
Q

Suggest disadvantages of being in a flexible work environment

A

Communication problems - faulty technology
Possibly less concentration if not in working environment
Difficulties working from home with big families

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20
Q

Where are the London Docklands located?

A

On River Thames

In East London

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21
Q

Why did the London docklands decline?

A

Ships increased in size and by 1981 larger shops could no longer reach the ports and deeper water was necessary

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22
Q

What social regeneration occurred for the London docklands?

A

Government helped increase employment and business by building the city airport in royal docks
Helped with housing by building 19,800 new homes and many former warehouses were converted into luxury flats

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23
Q

What economic regeneration occurred for the London docklands?

A

By 2000 there was a £7 billion investment and a huge population growth due to new professional services as it is now one of London’s main financial centres

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24
Q

What were the problems with the London Docklands regeneration?

A

There was a lot more pollution in the air due to planes
Dock owners, workers, ship companies and the council lost out
People that worked for ship companies would have to leave and find new jobs

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25
Q

State characteristics of the new economy

A

Tertiary sector
Jobs: deliver firms, retail parks, shopping centres
Location: outskirts of towns for cheaper land and local labour
Qualifications: mostly unskilled, needing few qualifications
Quarter of the jobs are part time and many are temporary
Earnings: low wages (minimum wage or above)
Employee mix: mix of male and female, women majority

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26
Q

What does globalisation mean?

A

The ways in which countries have become increasingly connected to each other

27
Q

What are the 4 main reasons for globalisation?

A

Free trade
Privatisation
Foreign direct investment
TNC’s

28
Q

What is free trade?

A

The free flow of goods and services

Most TNC’s support UK membership of the EU because it provides an unrestricted market of 550 million people

29
Q

What is privatisation?

A

Change in ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the public sector to the private sector. Privatisation has taken place in the infrastructure, local council areas

30
Q

What is foreign direct investment?

A

To invest anywhere with unrestricted flows of capital

31
Q

What are TNC’s?

A

TNC’s supports the UK by investing in the UK and especially overseas TNC’s help with selling cars, hotels, tea etc. As it helps them earn money for various companies

32
Q

Why did London start to grow and develop?

A

London’s time zone helps its economic growth by being able to trade with Asia, Australia and later in the same day with Mew York. With trade imports coming in this allowed the economy to grow and benefitted London huge,y and gradually developed more

33
Q

Name 3 areas where privatisation has happened

A

Infrastructure
Local council services
The NHS

34
Q

Explain one positive and one negative of the regeneration of cities

A

Positive
Regeneration leads to the creation of new jobs.
Regenerated areas are improved from their previous states, and are also marketed towards businesses as being attractive places to work. So, jobs are created as businesses move to an area.

Negative
Local people may be excluded from the positive effects.
Local people can be forced out of areas because they can’t afford the new housing and aren’t skilled enough for the new jobs.

35
Q

Discuss two environmental challenges urban growth can bring to UK cities

A

Environmental challenge 1
Cities with growth can bring environmental challenges. For example, congested roads can lead to air pollution from cars.
This is because more people working in a city means more people commuting to work every day

Environmental challenge 2
The risk of flooding has increased.
The more built up an area becomes, the greater the amount of surface runoff. This reduces the lag time between rainfall and water reaching a river. In extreme cases, this can cause flash floods.

36
Q

Explain one impact of globalisation on the secondary sector employment in the UK

A

Reduction in job opportunities because of off-shoring companies who are seeking lower costs e.g labour

Increase in some sectors e.g vehicle manufacturing as TNC’s move production into the UK e.g Honda/Nissan

37
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Regions can be given tax break or start up costs paid for by the government, to encourage businesses to set up here
This is especially the case for science and technology businesses that can provide many jobs for a rural area

38
Q

Name advantages of Enterprise zones

A

New job opportunities for locals, including construction of the park and working businesses
Attracts high earning scientists, who can afford to live in rural area

39
Q

Name disadvantages of enterprise zones

A

Rural land lost to build offices, which destroys habitats for wildlife
Not all businesses can relocate to rural areas, especially if they need good transport links or shipping

40
Q

What are EU Grants for Rural Regions?

A

The EU provided millions of pounds in grants to rural areas to reduce inequality between urban and rural regions
These are funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average

41
Q

Advantages of EU Grants

A

Tourism provides job opportunities and local businesses can profit too
Keeping British farms running will provide good produce without importing food into the UK

42
Q

Disadvantages of EU Grants

A

Grants can be difficult to apply for and receive so some of the smallest businesses cannot benefit

43
Q

What are Transport links

A

People who live in rural areas - especially the elderly - can become isolated if they cannot drive
Public transport is essential for work so the government is investing 8n new bus links since buses are the easiest and cheapest way to access isolated villages

44
Q

Advantages of transport links

A

Public transport stops isolation in the community which can lead to loneliness or not being able to get help
Buses are cheaper than constructing train lines

45
Q

Disadvantages of Transport links

A

The government cannot afford buses between every house, so some household will still be isolated

46
Q

Advantages of secondary industry

A

Jobs provide a reliable income throughout the year

Productions requires little training, so the poorest families can work to earn a living

47
Q

Disadvantages of secondary industry

A

Production lines can be respective work with limited opportunities to progress in your career
Some factored exploit workers: long shifts, exposing them to harsh chemicals, limiting breaks

48
Q

What three factors have caused the UK’s rising birth rate?

A

More women in their twenties choosing to have children earlier
More women at older ages choosing to have children but who had previously postponed having them for career reasons
Increasing numbers of overseas born women who often have higher fertility rates than UK born women

49
Q

Name two causes of population growth in the UK

A

Net immigration

Rising birth rate

50
Q

How does net immigration affect the rising population growth in the UK?

A

In 2014, a record 641 000 long-term immigrants arrived to live in the UK,
323 000 emigrated that year too and most immigrants were young working adults aged 18-35

51
Q

What was net immigration caused by?

A

EU membership

Globalisation

52
Q

How did EU membership cause net immigration?

A

EU membership allows anyone in the EU to freely move and work in any member state

53
Q

How did globalisation cause net immigration?

A

Revolutionised migration to the UK

London’s ‘knowledge economy’ needs highly qualified and skilled people, and the UK cannot provide all it needs

54
Q

How many people were employed in coal mines in 1970s?

A

250 000

55
Q

Advantages of flexible working in the new rural economy

A

Better health ; people take breaks during the day
No commuting - less congestion
Less absenteeism and sickness
Parents can work at home, saving money on child care
Better productivity: people work longer hours instead of commuting

56
Q

Disadvantages of flexible working in the new rural economy

A

Isolation from work colleagues and less contact with you boss
Sometimes difficult to motivate and organise home - workers
Work is constantly around your environment

57
Q

Examples of jobs in the tertiary sector

A

Jobs with delivery firms
In retail park
Shopping centres

58
Q

Where are tertiary sector jobs located?

A

On outskirts of towns for cheaper land and local labour

59
Q

What sector is the new economy?

A

Tertiary

60
Q

What qualifications are needed in the new economy?

A

Mostly u skilled, needing few qualifications

61
Q

Are jobs in the new economy part time or full time?

A

A quarter of jobs are part time, many are temporary, lasting weeks/months

62
Q

Explain one way in which glaciation has affected the physical landscape of the UK

A

Glaciers have eroded valleys by widening them and deepening them through glacial abrasion, creating U shaped valleys

63
Q

Explain why groynes can reduce coastal erosion

A

Groynes trap sand which absorbs wave energy

64
Q

Explain why differences in rock type affect the rate of erosion on uk coastlines

A

Difference in rock hardness/ softness which affects the rate of erosion through abrasion/hydraulic action because softer rocks are less resistant
Differences in rock jointing/structure affected by hydraulic action/abrasion so well jointed rocks erode faster than less well jointed rocks because larger surface area in contact with water

GCSE Geography (12 decks)

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