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Physiology II > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues can reverse glucose trapping?

A
  • liver, kidney, and GI cells through a GLUT2 (bidirectional transporter)
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2
Q

Where does pyruvate enter?

A
  • the mitochondria and is used in the krebs cycle
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3
Q

What is the result of the Krebs cycle?

A
  • hydrogen ions for the electron transport chain
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4
Q

Lipo-protein-lipases (LPLs)

A
  • partially dissolve shells and hydrolyze triglycerides to form free fatty acids + glycerol so they can be stored or for ATP production
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5
Q

Activated when stores of ATP, glycogen and labile protein are full and glucose/amino acids are still available

A
  • lipogenesis
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6
Q

FFAs in the plasma can originate from?

A
  • NEFAs, VLDLs and Chylomicrons
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7
Q

What are the glucose dependent tissues?

A
  • NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • gonads
  • fetus
  • lactation
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8
Q

In _______ only glucose dependent cells have access to blood glucose, and glucose independent cells use alternative fuels

A
  • hypoglycemia
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9
Q

What enzyme is needed to convert pyruvate to lactic acid?

A
  • lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

- > regenerates NAD

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10
Q

Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFAs)

A
  • FFAs bind to plasma Albumin for transport

- delivers FFAs to active tissues for energy gain (serum free fatty acids)

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11
Q

Lipogenesis

A
  • excess glucose and amino acids can be converted into Free fatty acids via Acetyl-CoA in fat tissue, mammary gland and liver
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12
Q

Phosphatase

A
  • converts glycogen to glucose
  • 80% is in the liver and 20% is in the kidney
  • > both release free glucose into circulation
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13
Q

How does the liver make excess energy available to other tissues?

A
  • VLDLs and Ketone Bodies
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14
Q

Glycogen

A
  • functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers
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15
Q

Hydrolyzes stored triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol

A
  • hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
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16
Q

Lipolysis

A
  • release of stored fat
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17
Q

What are the main glycogen storing organs?

A
  • liver = max 6%

- muscle = max 1%

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18
Q

Two classes of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicrons

2. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

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19
Q

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

A
  • adds hydrogens to pyruvate to make lactic acid and also reverse the process
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20
Q

What is the advantage of having glucose in glycogen form?

A
  • glycogen precipitates and is not osmotically active
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21
Q

What is required to free glucose from glucose-6-phosphate into circulation? (glycogen release as free glucose)

A
  • phosphatase in the liver performs glycogenolysis

- > phosphatase is NOT present in muscle cells

22
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • series of electron carriers in ETC in which the energy stored in NADH/H+ is transferred to ATP
23
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
  • glucose is synthesized from precursors during hypoglycemia to supply glucose-dependent tissues
  • occurs in the liver and kidney
24
Q

Where are GLUTs in a glucose independent tissue?

A
  • intracellular and need insulin to be active
  • > GLUT 4 mostly
  • muscle, fat, etc
25
Q

In ______ all cells have access to blood glucose

A
  • hyperglycemia
26
Q

Glucose trapping

A
  • glucose is phosphorylated and can not diffuse out of cells
27
Q

What compound does the Krebs Cycle start and end with?

A
  • Oxaloacetate (OAA)
28
Q

Initiated when circulating fuel levels are low and energy is needed for glucose independent tissues

A
  • lipolysis
29
Q

What tissues have high levels of LDH?

A
  • muscle, liver, RBCs, GI tract and kidneys
30
Q

How are free fatty acids utilized?

A
  • for energy gain by entering B-oxidation which releases acetyl groups for use in the Krebs cycle/ETC
31
Q

Free fatty acids are condensed with glycerol into Triglycerides via

A
  • fat tissue: storage form
  • mammary gland: secreted into milk
  • Liver: fat tissue LPLs hydrolyze VLDLs
32
Q

How does glucose enter the cell?

A
  • facilitated diffusion via GLUTs
33
Q

What happens to glycolysis when there is a lack of oxygen?

A
  • It is inhibited and therefore there are ATP deficits
34
Q

What is the preferred fuel for all tissues?

A
  • glucose
35
Q

Lipoproteins that are formed by liver cells after production of new (endogenous) fats

A
  • VLDLs
36
Q

Lipoproteins (serum triglycerides)

A
  • aggregates of lipids surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic proteins, phosphalipids, and tissue specific receptor proteins (Apoproteins)
37
Q

What is an adequate amount of blood glucose?

A
  • 80 to 120 mg
38
Q

Where are GLUTs in a glucose dependent tissue?

A
  • are part of their cell membranes

- > GLUTS 1 and 3 mostly

39
Q

Lipoproteins that are formed by small intestinal enterocytes after absorption of dietary lipids

A
  • chylomicrons
40
Q

Insulin is secreted in response to what and has what effect?

A
  • in response to hyperglycemia and allows GLUT 4s to fuse with cell membranes (facilitated diffusion)
  • > facilitated diffusion only when insulin and glucose are present
41
Q

If there is a high presence of LDH in the plasma what could be the cause?

A
  • must be tissue damage, such as hemolysis, causing leakage of LDH into the plasma
42
Q

How is lactate removed?

A
  • by diffusing into circulation and being converted to pyruvate in tissues that have O2 available
43
Q

Hyperglycemia

A
  • if excess glucose is available, it is stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen for later use (glycogenesis)
44
Q

What is the result of glycolysis?

A
  • Splitting of a C6 into two C3 -> pyruvates
45
Q

Functions of glycerol?

A
  • Diffuses into active tissues and can
    1. Enter glycolysis -> Krebs cycle -> ETC when ATP is needed
    2. Enters gluconeogenesis when glucose is needed
46
Q

What makes up dietary fats?

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
47
Q

Hypoglycemia

A
  • if glucose is needed for energy, glycogen is broken down to Glucose-6-phosphate via glycogenolysis (requires de-branching enzyme)
48
Q

Is the liver a glucose dependent tissue?

A
  • No it is glucose independent, but it has GLUTs in the cell membrane
49
Q

When does the liver readily take up FFAs from NEFAs without utilizing them all for energy

A
  • during lipolytic phases
50
Q

What is generated by the electron transport chain?

A
  • ATP, NAD regeneration, H2O, heat

Physiology II (3 decks)

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