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PRINCIPLES > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the main bones of the neck.

A

Cervical vertebrae, hyoid trunk

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2
Q

Describe the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

A

Humerus, radius & ulna. Femur, tibia & fibula.

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3
Q

What are the three main types of joint with bone?

A

Synovial (most moveable, least stable), cartilaginous, fibrous (most stable)

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4
Q

What are the main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia, connective tissue

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5
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A fibrous connection of bone to bone

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6
Q

Name the five main types of muscle.

A

Flat with aponeurosis, fusiform, circular, quadrate, pennate

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7
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connection between muscle and bone

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8
Q

What criteria are essential for muscle movement?

A

Crosses joint, binds both sides

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9
Q

Name the four main aspects of the deltoid.

A

Clavicle, glenoid fossa, acromion process, origin of spine

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10
Q

Describe the purpose of the four main aspects of the deltoid.

A

Clavicle - flexion of shoulder. Acromion process - abduction of shoulder. Glenoid fossa - circumduction. Origin of spine - extends shoulder

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11
Q

Describe sensory muscle.

A

Excellent nerve supply, senses pain, touch, temperature, proprioception

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12
Q

Which clinical test may be used to ensure the reflexes of the body work?

A

(Knee, ankle, bicep, tricep) jerk

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13
Q

Describe and name the two ways which nerves typically don’t function properly.

A

Paralysis - motor nerves don’t work. Spasticity - descending CNS controls don’t work

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14
Q

Name the inlet and three outlets of the pelvic girdle.

A

Abdominal cavity. Peritoneum - alimentary, renal, reproductive

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15
Q

Which pouches does the parietal peritoneum (lining the abdominal cavity) create?

A

Rectouterine, vesicouterine (female), vesicorectal (male)

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16
Q

Describe the anatomical pathway of the egg from ovary to vagina.

A

Ovary -> fimbrae -> infundibulum -> ampulla (tubes) -> isthmus -> uterus

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17
Q

Name the three layers of the uterus.

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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18
Q

In which anatomical location should fertilisation occur?

A

The ampulla

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19
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Zygote attaches outwith the uterus

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20
Q

If an STI reaches the ampulla, what may it cause?

A

Peritonitis

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21
Q

When is the penis in the anatomical position?

A

Erect, ‘bottom’ side up

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22
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

Describe the pathway of sperm to ejaculation.

A

Seminiferous tubule -> rete testis -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> seminal vesicle -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

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24
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

A network of many small veins found in the spermatic cord.

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25
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus

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26
Q

Which main problem can cause issues to the spermatic cord and testicles?

A

Torsion, can cause necrosis

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27
Q

Describe the two types of reproductive sterilisation.

A

Tubual litigation, transection of the vas deferens

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28
Q

Describe the layers of the heart, from inner to outer.

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium

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29
Q

Briefly describe the conduction system of the heart.

A

SAN -> AVN -> Bundles of His -> Purkinje fibres

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30
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

Coronary

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31
Q

Describe the main branches of the aortic arch.

A

Brachiocephalic (which splits to right subclavian + right common carotid), left common carotid artery, left subclavian

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32
Q

Name the layers of the blood vessels.

A

Tunica intima, inner elastic membrane, tunica media, external elastic membrane, tunica adventitia

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33
Q

What are the main features of arteries?

A

Deep, pulsatile, high pressure

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34
Q

What is contained within a neurovascular/intercostal bundle?

A

Artery, vein, nerve

35
Q

What is the name for splitting of blood vessels into two/three?

A

Bi/trifurcation

36
Q

In what direction do veins drain blood?

A

Superficial to deep to vena cava

37
Q

Where does lymph return to the blood?

A

The left/right venous angle

38
Q

What are the three types of nerve?

A

Sensory, special sensory, motor

39
Q

What do special sensory nerves sense?

A

Taste, sight, smell, hearing, balance

40
Q

What is the name for a collection of neurons?

A

Ganglion

41
Q

What are bundles of nerves names in the CNS/PNS?

A

Tract (CNS)/ Nerve (PNS)

42
Q

Sensory and motor nerves have three modalities each - what are they?

A

Sensory - somatic, special sensory, visceral afferent

Motor - somatic, symp, parasymp

43
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent -> PNS to CNS. Efferent -> CNS to PNS

44
Q

From front to back, name the four lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal, parietal (superior), temporal (inferior), occipital

45
Q

Describe the difference between sulci and gyri.

A

Folds in the brain - gyrus is superior part, sulcus in inferior part

46
Q

What are the four spinal nerve regions?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccygeal

47
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in each area?

A

Cervical - 8, thoracic - 12, lumbar - 5, sacral/coccygeal 5 + 1

48
Q

Describe the difference between the posterior and anterior rami.

A

Posterior supplies only small part of posterior strip. Anterior supplies everything else, including limbs and plexus

49
Q

What is the dermatome map used for?

A

Shows where each spinal nerve supplies in the body.

50
Q

Which spinal nerve supplies the nipple line?

A

T4

51
Q

Which spinal nerve supplies the umbilicus line?

A

T10

52
Q

Where is the only location of spinal nerves?

A

Intervertebral foramen

53
Q

Describe the pain felt in somatic vs autonomic pain

A

Somatic is specific, localised pain. Autonomic is dull, achy, nauseating, not localised

54
Q

Describe the two planes when lying down.

A

Supine (head up) prone (head down)

55
Q

Name the three main planes when standing up.

A

Transverse (superior/inferior), sagittal (left/right), coronal (anterior/posterior)

56
Q

Name the five main pairs of opposites in anatomy.

A

Medial/lateral, proximal/distal, left/right, superior/inferior, superficial/deep

57
Q

Name the dorsal surfaces of the wrist, hand, tongue, and foot.

A

Volar, palmar, ventral, plantar

58
Q

What is the name for two structures which are on the same side of the body, and for opposites?

A

Ipsilateral, contralateral

59
Q

Describe the two main movements of the arms.

A

Abduction/adduction (lateral/medial), flexion/extension (anterior/posterior)

60
Q

Describe the movement of the hand from the anatomical to supine position and back.

A

Pronation/supination

61
Q

Describe the movement of fingers (namely thumb/finger together)

A

Reposition/opposition

62
Q

What are the three periods of growth in the uterus called and which carries the most risk?

A

Conceptus, embryonic, foetal (embryonic)

63
Q

Describe the genesis of gametes.

A

Mother cell -> primary spermato/oocyte -> 2x secondary -> 4x early -> 4x late -> 4x sperm/1x ovum + 3x polar bodies

64
Q

Describe when oocytes transition from early to late.

A

During puberty: they arrest in prophase

65
Q

Describe growth of the zygote until day 6 (when it is a blastocyst).

A

Cells divide within the zona pelucida, until 16+ cells are reached (morula). Addition of fluid causes this to become a blastocyst

66
Q

Describe the composition of the blastocyst.

A

Fluid and a cell mass (trophoblast)

67
Q

Between days 6 and 7.5, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall. Describe the composition.

A

Outer cytotrophoblast, inner synctiotrophoblast. Cell mass = embryoblast.

68
Q

Between days 7.5 and 9, germ layers begin to form. Describe changes in this time.

A

Formation of the hypo- and epiblast layers, and the primitive yolk sac and amniotic cavities.

69
Q

Describe the role of the synctiotrophoblast between days 9 and 12.

A

Grows and forms lacunae - capillary beds. Degenerates and fills primitive yolk sac with blood -> it is now the chorionic cavity.

70
Q

Which event occurs at day 13 of the conceptus period?

A

The connecting stalk forms

71
Q

In which germ layer does the primitive streak form?

A

Epiblast

72
Q

Describe the three major anatomical features of the primitive streak and their anatomical orientation.

A

Primitive pit, node, and groove run central to caudal. Cranial dip

73
Q

Describe the germ layers after the primitive streak has formed on day 13.

A

Epiblast + hypoblast become the ectoderm + definitive endoderm respectively. Mesoderm forms in middle

74
Q

Describe the folding of the germ layers (i.e. tube within a tube)

A

Ectoderm becomes outer, mesoderm central, and ectoderm central (this makes sense)

75
Q

There are six methods of primary growth of the embryo - what are they?

A

Cell division, differentiation, migration, induction, apoptosis, cell attachment

76
Q

What are the embryonic axes?

A

Cranial/caudal, ventral/dorsal

77
Q

What are the main events of the embryonic period?

A

Growth/weight gain, tissues mature (sexual/bone/nerve), organogenesis

78
Q

Which features of the zygote block multisperming?

A

Granules, acrosomal enzymes

79
Q

What is formed from the ectoderm layer?

A

Epidermis, nervous system

80
Q

What are the three layers of the mesoderm after further development?

A

Paraxial, intermediate, lateral plate (somatic/visceral)

81
Q

What forms from the endoderm layer?

A

Respiratory tract, gut, bladder, and urethra linings

82
Q

In day 9 of development, which key chemical is released and what is its primary purpose?

A

HCG - proliferates the corpus luteum, releases progesterone

83
Q

How does trisomy 21 occur?

A

Mitotic nondisjunction/anaphase lag

PRINCIPLES (10 decks)

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