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Environmental Science > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Post-Industrial Stage?

A

Birth rates and death rates are low and stable

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2
Q

What is the Pre-Industrial Stage?

A

in pre-industrial societies, both birth and death rates are high

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3
Q

What is agriculture?

A

The practice of raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption

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4
Q

What is Cropland?

A

Land used to raise crops ///

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5
Q

What is agriculture responsible for?

A

Providing our most daily basic needs
-from clothes to food
& biggest impact on environment…

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6
Q

What resources do we need to grow crops?

A

Soil, sunlight, water, nutrients, and pollinators

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7
Q

How much land is used to produce food & fiber?

A

1 out of every 3 acres on Earth

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8
Q

How much land is used to produce food & fiber?

A

1 out of every 3 acres on Earth

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9
Q

What is soil?

A

clay, sand, & slit

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10
Q

Population growth per year

A

7 million

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11
Q

How long did it take for the population to reach 1 billion?

A

1800

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12
Q

How long did it take to reach 2 billion

A

1930,

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13
Q

What is our most recent billion population

A

12 billion

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14
Q

What is the current world growth rate? and how long would it take for the population to double

A

1.2% , It would take 58.3 years

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15
Q

Population

A

number of people

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16
Q

Growth Rate

A

% change of population

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17
Q

Mao Zedong

A

Leader of China

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18
Q

What is population of china in 1949?

A

540 Million

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19
Q

Population of China in 1960

A

Grown to 790 million

- people had access to contraception and encouraged to have fewer children

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20
Q

China’s One Child Policy

A

Started in 1979

  • families with one child were rewarded with better jobs, housing, access to educational access
  • families with more children were fined, discriminated against in employment, were scorned
  • unstable ration of young to old
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21
Q

When did the Chinese gov. abolish one child rule?

A

2018

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22
Q

Increase in birth rates after Chinese gov abolished rule

A
  1. 9 million

- actual number of births was 15.2, lowest since 1961

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23
Q

Age structure

A

describes the relative numbers in each age class within a population

24
Q

Wide base in age structure

A

many young

25
Q

narrow base in age structure

A

fewer young than old

26
Q

New population policy in China

A

The government worried that with fewer children being born, there would not be enough people to support the older generations as they age

27
Q

Populations continue to rise in most countries, particularly in

A

poverty-stricken and developing nations

28
Q

What has increased growth

A

Better technology, sanitation, medication/medical advancement, and increased food supply

29
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

the death rate in children; has dropped dramatically

30
Q

Population growth is good in developing nations bc

A

it supports the elderly & has a larger labor pool

31
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

population growth will increase faster than food production; cause famine and conflict

32
Q

Cornucopians

A

argue that we will continue to find new resources and technology to support people

33
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Wrote Population Bomb, said civilization would end by end of 20th century

34
Q

Growth is correlated with poverty, not wealth

A
  • Strong, rich nations have low growth rates

- Weak, poor nations have high growth rates

35
Q

IPAT model

A

I = P × A × T × S

Total impact (I) on the environment results from:
Population (P) = individuals need space and resources
Affluence (A) = greater per capita resource use
Technology (T) = increased exploitation of resources, but also pollution controls and renewable energy
Sensitivity (S) = how sensitive an area is to human pressure (e.g., arid land vs. rainforest)

36
Q

Demography

A

the application of population ecology to the study of change in human populations

37
Q

Increased density

A

impacts the environment

38
Q

The increased gap between birth and death rates

A

resulted in population expansion

39
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

the average number of children born to each female

40
Q

Replacement fertility

A

the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable (about 2.1)

41
Q

Life expectancy

A

average number of years that an individual is likely to continue to live

42
Q

Demographic transition

A

a model of economic and cultural change

43
Q

Transitional stage

A

declining death rates due to increased food production and medical care

44
Q

Industrial stage

A

birth rates fall as jobs provide opportunities for women outside the home and children are not needed in the workforce

45
Q

Four stages of growth rate/time

A

Pre-Industrial
Transitional
Industrial
Post-Industrial

46
Q

The transition could fail in cultures that

A
  • Place greater value on childbirth

- Grant women fewer freedoms

47
Q

reproductive window

A

time frame where a woman can become pregnant

48
Q

Affluent societies have enormous resource consumption and waste production

A

People use resources from other areas, as well as from their own
Ecological footprints are huge

49
Q

People in affluent societies have larger ecological footprints

A

One American has as much environmental impact as 3.8 Chinese or 8 Indians or 14 Afghans

50
Q

Current human population is

A

above 7.7 billion people

51
Q

Declining population growth rates in developing countries can be partially attributed to

A

The education of women

52
Q

If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to

A

1.4%

53
Q

At what stage is the U.S. in the demographic transition model?

A

the postindustrial stage

54
Q

The term demographic transition refers to

A

the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops

55
Q

Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

A

social and economic security

Environmental Science (8 decks)

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