Metabolism basics

Question 1

What are 3 ways for cells to store energy from metabolism?

Answer 1

Concentration gradients, electron shuttles, ATP

Question 2

How is the energy from metabolism stored as a concentration gradient?

Answer 2

Is stored as potential energy across a membrane

Question 3

How is the energy from metabolism stored in electron shuttles?

Answer 3

High energy electrons get added to a shuttle molecule and reduces it

Question 4

How is the energy released from high energy electron shuttles

Answer 4

Oxidation

Question 5

What are 3 common electron shuttle molecules?

Answer 5

NAD+, FAD+, NADP+

Question 6

How is the energy from metabolism stored in ATP?

Answer 6

Adding a phosphate to ADP creates a high energy bond that can be released

Question 7

How is energy released from ATP?

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

Question 8

What are the 2 ways to make ATP?

Answer 8

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 9

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 9

Phosphate is added to ADP from a high-energy metabolic intermediate by a kinase

Question 10

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 10

Energy from the PMF is used to power ATP synthase to stick a phosphate onto ADP

Question 11

What are the two metabolic processes used to release energy from organic carbon?

Answer 11

Fermentation and respiration

Question 12

Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 12

Always anaerobic

Question 13

How is ATP made in fermentation?

Answer 13

Only substrate level phosphorylation

Question 14

How much ATP is made in fermentation?

Answer 14

Only a little bit

Question 15

Does fermentation involve electron transport chains?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What is the terminal electron acceptor of fermentation? (generally)

Answer 16

Organic compound

Question 17

Is respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 17

Either

Question 18

How is ATP made in respiration?

Answer 18

Substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

How much ATP does respiration make?

Answer 19

A lot

Question 20

Does respiration involve electron transport chains?

Answer 20

Yes, to generate the PMF

Question 21

What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration?

Answer 21

Inorganic compound

Question 22

What are the 2 ways to classify metabolism based on carbon source?

Answer 22

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 23

What is an autotroph?

Answer 23

Organism that uses inorganic carbon as its carbon source

Question 24

What is a heterotroph?

Answer 24

Organism that uses organic carbon as its carbon source

Question 25

What are the 2 ways to classify metabolism based on energy source?

Answer 25

Phototrophs and chemotrophs

Question 26

What is a phototroph?

Answer 26

Organism that uses light energy as its energy source to make ATP and the PMF

Question 27

What is a chemotroph?

Answer 27

Organism that uses chemical energy as its energy source to make ATP and the PMF

Question 28

What are the 2 types of chemotrophs?

Answer 28

Organotrophs and lithotrophs

Question 29

What is an organotroph?

Answer 29

Source of chemical energy is organic carbon compounds

Question 30

What is a lithotroph?

Answer 30

Source of chemical energy is inorganic compounds

Question 31

What is a chemoheterotroph?

Answer 31

Organism that uses organic carbon as a carbon and energy source

Question 32

What is a chemoautotroph?

Answer 32

Organism that uses chemical energy as its energy source and inorganic carbon as its carbon source. System is unique to bacteria

Question 33

What is a photoautotroph?

Answer 33

Organism that uses light energy as its energy source and inorganic carbon as its carbon source

Question 34

What is a photoheterotroph?

Answer 34

Organism that uses light energy as its energy source and organic carbon as its carbon source. Pretty rare, unique to bacteria