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year 2 renal > Introduction & Gross anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Introduction & Gross anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the Urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

Why urinary system is important?

  • Removes _______ waste from blood by _______ and _________
  • Regulates plasma ______ and _____ _________ (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
  • Help to stabilize the __
  • ____________ of small molecules (amino acids. Glucose, and peptides)
  • Produces ___________ (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
A

Why urinary system is important?

  • Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
  • Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
  • Help to stabilize the PH
  • Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids. Glucose, and peptides)
  • Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow)
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3
Q

are the kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

They are only partially peritonised

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4
Q

what level are the kidneys found?

A

at the level of T12-L3

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5
Q

what kidney is lower?

A

Right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney

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6
Q

a

A

right and left suprarenal gland

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7
Q

b

A

liver

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8
Q

c

A

duodenum

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9
Q

d

A

colon

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10
Q

e

A

small intestine

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11
Q

f

A

pancreas

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12
Q

g

A

spleen

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13
Q

h

A

stomach

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14
Q

i

A

ureter

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15
Q

summary showing what previous flashcards showed

A
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16
Q

image showing posterior relations to the kidney

A
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17
Q

would kidney surgary be odne form the anterior or posterior side?

A

posterior

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18
Q

Kidneys: capsule and fascia:

a

A

kidney

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19
Q

b

A

renal capsule

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20
Q

c

A

perirenal fat

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21
Q

d

A

renal fascia

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22
Q

e

A

pararenal fat

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23
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

a

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

b

A

Pyramid (10-18)

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25
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

c

A

Papilla

The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney

tip of the pyramid

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26
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

d

A

Minor calyx

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27
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

e

A

Major calyx

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28
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

f

A

Pelvis

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29
Q

Kidney: internal structure:

g

A

Ureter

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30
Q

what are the constirctions of the ureter?

A
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31
Q

what are the arteries and veins of the ureter?

A

Arteries: Renal, ovarian/testicular, abdominal aorta

Veins: Drain into renal and ovarian/testicular veins

32
Q

Kidnay: blood vessels

what is the order of blood vessles form anterior to posterior in the kidney hilum?

A

Clue to remember structural relationship of renal hilum from anterior to posterior = Vein, artery and pelvis (VAP)

33
Q

what are the different segments of the kidney?

A
34
Q

what are the renal arteries?

A

• Renal artery (1/each side): branch of abdominal aorta:

  • Segmental branches (x5)
  • Interlobar
  • Arcuate branches pass around the circumference
  • Interlobular branches which ultimately supply each nephron
  • Essentially non-anastomosing
35
Q

where do renal veins drain?

A

• Renal veins (1/each side): drains into the inferior vena cava

36
Q

what is the lymphatic drianage of the kidney?

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

37
Q

what is the nerve supply of the kidney?

A

• Renal plexus: sympathetic: T10-L1, Sensory afferent: T11-L2

38
Q

what is the Median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Embryonic Urachus

39
Q
  • Two medial umbilical folds = Occluded umbilical artery
  • Two lateral umbilical folds = Inferior epigastric vessels
A
40
Q

how does Peritonisation of the bladdder vary in males and females?

A
41
Q

what is the msucle fo the bladder called and its function?

A

The detrusor muscle is smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder. The detrusor muscle remains relaxed to allow the bladder to store urine, and contracts during urination to release urine

42
Q

pictures showing variation of the urethra in males and females:

female

A

male

43
Q

name the 4 parts of the male urethra

A
44
Q

a

A

Involuntary

45
Q

b

A

Voluntary

46
Q

c

A

Widest

47
Q

d

A

Narrowest

48
Q

e

A

Longest

49
Q

what urinary sphincter is higher up?

A

the involuntary one, near the neck of the bladder

50
Q

what are the arteries of the urinary bladder?

A

Branches of the internal iliac artery

51
Q

what are the veins of the urinary bladder?

A

Drains into the internal iliac veins

52
Q

what are the lymphatics of the urinary bladder?

A

External iliac lymph nodes: suprapubic part

Internal iliac lymph nodes: Infrapubic part

53
Q

what are the nerves of the urinary bladder?

A

Sympathetic:T11-L2 (constrict internal urethral sphincter).

Parasympathetic: S2-S4 (motor to detrusor muscle).

Afferent/sensory: pain/distention of bladder goes via mainly via parasympathetic fibres.

Somatic: pudendal nerve (external urethral sphincter) - Voluntary control by pudendal nerve

54
Q

voluntary control of the bladder is done by what?

A

Voluntary control by pudendal nerve

55
Q

describe the anatomy of the Prostatic urethra?

A

Begins as a continuation of the bladder neck and passes through the prostate gland. Receives the ejaculatory ducts (containing spermatozoa from the testes and seminal fluid from the seminal vesicle glands) and the prostatic ducts (containing alkaline fluid)

It is the widest and most dilatable portion of the urethra

56
Q

Which nerve constricts detrusor muscle during micturition (the action of urinating)?

A) Sympathetic nerve

B) Parasympathetic nerve

C) Sensory nerve

D) Somatic/pudendal nerve

A

B

smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder. The detrusor muscle remains relaxed to allow the bladder to store urine, and contracts during urination to release urine

57
Q

Which nerve constricts internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

A) Sympathetic nerve

B) Parasympathetic nerve

C) Visceral sensory nerve

D) Somatic/pudendal nerve

A

A

58
Q

Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in male?

A) Pre-prostatic

B) Prostatic

C) Membranous

D) spongy

A

C

59
Q

Transpyloric plane passes through which vertebral level?

A) T11

B) T12

C) L1

D) L2

A

C

60
Q

what is the functioning unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

61
Q

what makes up the nephron?

A

Nephron = Renal corpuscles + renal tubules

62
Q

what makes up renal corpuscles?

A

Renal corpuscles = Glomerulus + bowmen’s capsule

63
Q

uriniferous tubule is made up from what?

A

= Nephron + collecting duct

64
Q

the nephron

A

Purified blood going back via renal veins

Thick segment on each side of the loop of Henle

When urine is formed, it is collected in the collecting duct

65
Q

images showing histology of the kidney

how do you differentiate between the cortex and medulla?

A

Glomerulus in the cortex – that’s how you differentiate between the cortex and medulla

66
Q

what is shown here?

A

kidney: cortex

67
Q

what is seen on the histology of the cortex of the kidney

A
  • Renal corpuscles
  • Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal+ microvilli)
  • Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
  • Collecting tubule (cuboidal)
68
Q

what is shwon here?

A

kidney: medulla

69
Q

what is seen on the histolgoy of the medulla of the kidney?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubules
  • Distal convoluted tubules
  • Loop of Henle (thin segment=squamous epithelium)
  • Collecting tubule
70
Q

what is shown here?

A

ureter

71
Q

what can be seen on the histology of the ureter?

A
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Star shaped lumen
  • Inner longitudinal smooth muscle (SM)
  • Outer circular SM
72
Q

what is shown here?

A

bladder

73
Q

what is seen on the histology of the bladder

A
  • Transitional epithelium
  • Inner longitudinal (IL) smooth muscle (SM)
  • Middle circular(MC) SM
  • Outer longitudinal (OL) SM
74
Q

Why studying urinary system? (improtant problems that may occur)

A
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Kidney stone/renal calculi
  • Kidney failure and dialysis
  • Urinary incontinence: common after childbirth/ old age/in female
75
Q

what are important markers of kidney disease?

A

High protein (albumin) level (urine)/proteinuria

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

(increased level of serum creatinine/urea)

76
Q

what are different developemtn abnormalities that may occur with the kidneys?

A

year 2 renal (26 decks)

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