Infection

Question 1

What is SIRS?

Answer 1

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Question 2

List some features of SIRS

Answer 2

Fever
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Leucocytosis or Leucocytopeaenia

Question 3

What is sepsis?

Answer 3

SIRS + Infection

+ Organ Dysfunction

Question 4

What can cause SIRS?

Answer 4

Trauma

• Haemorrhage
• Burns
• Pancreatitis
• Liver disease
• Toxins/Drugs
• Others

Question 5

What type of bacteria are streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 5

Gram positive cocci

Question 6

How is streptococcus pneumoniae transmitted?

Answer 6

Via droplets

Question 7

What type of bacteria are haemophilus influenza type B?

Answer 7

Gram negative bacteria

Question 8

List some conditions caused by haemophilus B in children?

Answer 8

Bacteraemia
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Epiglottitis

Question 9

What are the 6 types of meningococcus in nasopharynx?

Answer 9

A, B, C, W, X, Y

Question 10

List some possible long-term morbidities in meningococcal disease

Answer 10

• Amputation
• Skin scarring
• Cognitive impairment
• Epilepsy
• Hearing loss

Question 11

What are streptococci treated with?

Answer 11

Penicillin

Question 12

What are staphylococci treated with?

Answer 12

Flucloxacillin

Except MRSA

Question 13

What type of bacteria are streptococci and staphylococci?

Answer 13

Gram-positive cocci

Question 14

List some conditions caused by staph aureus?

Answer 14

Impetigo
Cellulitis
Infected eczema
Ulceration
Staph scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome

Question 15

List some carriage sites for staph aureus

Answer 15

Nasal passage
Perinuem
Axillae

Question 16

List some causes of rashes that are erythematous and maculopapulous (Flat + Red!)?

Answer 16

• Measles
• Rubella
• Enterovirus
• Cytomegalovirus
• Human herpes 6/7
• Parvovirus B19
• Epstein-Barr Virus

Question 17

List some causes of rashes that are vesiculobullous (Fluid blisters!)?

Answer 17

• Varicella-zoster virus
• Herpes simplex virus
• Enterovirus

Question 18

List some causes of rashes that are petechial and pupuric (Small spots!)?

Answer 18

• Rubella (congenital)
• Cytomegalovirus (congenital)
• Enterovirus

Question 19

What are some complications of VZV infections?

Answer 19

Secondary strep/staph infections

-Meningoencephalitis, cerebellitis, arthritis

Question 20

What therapy may be used for VZV infection if immunosuppressed or severely unwell?

Answer 20

Aciclovir

Question 21

What would be some warning signs of severity in VSV infection?

Answer 21

• High fever
• New lesions > day 10
• Inflamed lesions
• General malaise

Question 22

What are some risks to neonates with HSV infection?

Answer 22

Disseminated/CNS infections

• Sepsis
• Meningoencephalitis
• Hepatitis (jaundice, bleeding)

Question 23

List some physical barriers to infection

Answer 23

• Skin
• Mucous Membranes
• Mechanical defences
• Chemical defencs
• Microbiome

Question 24

What are some signs of immunodeficiency in children when considering infections?

Answer 24

• Serious
• Persistent
• Unusual
• Recurrent
• Family History of infections

(SPURF)

Question 25

What investigations may be conducted to investigate immunodeficiency in children?

Answer 25

• FBC
• Immunoglobulins
• HIV test
• Functional antibodies
• Lymphocyte subsets
• NBT
• Complement

Question 26

How may a child with antibody deficiencies present?

Answer 26

• Defective B-cell function (eg IgG, IgA, IgM)

- Recurrent bacterial infections eg LRTIs

Question 27

How may a child with cellular immunodeficiencies present?

Answer 27

• Impaired or absence T-cell function

- Present with unusual or opportunistic infections, recurrent/severe viral infections or failure to thrive

Question 28

How may a child with innate immune disorders present?

Answer 28

• Defects in phagocyte function. Present with sepsis, abscess, fungal infections
• Complement deficiencies. Present with sepsis