Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

• refers to any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience
• is about predicting the future from past experienceand using these predictions to guide behaviour.

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

learn associations between stimuli (events) in the environment that reliably predict other stimuli…(especially those stimuli that relate to survival)

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

• Learning an association between a stimulus that reliably predicts another stimulus that is naturally associated with a defensive or appetitive reflex response
• learning to produce a reflex response

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus that doesn’t produce a respond

Question 5

Normal Reflex pathway?

Answer 5

UCS+UCR= Reflex

Question 6

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 6

When a stimuli that is similar to a preregister stimuli, the respond is the same

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

The process of removing a learned relex(CS)

Question 8

What do spontaneous recovery and rapid reacquisition suggest about the extinction process?

Answer 8

It show that a reflex is never truly forgotten

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

Behaviouris shaped by the learner’s history of experiencing rewards and punishments for their actions.

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

A behavior is reinforced(strengthened) whenever a desirable outcome occurs as a consequence of performing the behaviour.
Behaviours that are reinforced are more likely to be repeated.

Question 11

reinforcer

Answer 11

is any consequence of a behaviour that makes that behaviour more likely to recur in future.

Question 12

Positive and Negative reinforcement

Answer 12

• Positive Reinforcement = An animal will learn to produce a behaviour if the consequence of doing so is receiving something pleasant.
• Negative Reinforcement = An animal will learn to produce a behavior if the consequence of doing so is stopping something unpleasant.

Question 13

Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 13

Partial is more effective as the organism wouldn’t know when the reinforcement will come=> led to them keep trying.
when reinforcement is stopped, behavior that was partial reinforce stick longer compare to continuous

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

-occurs when reinforcement is withheld
-Not immediate, in fact there may be a brief increase in responding referred to as an extinction burst followed by decrease in trained behaviour.
Then an increase in more variable behaviour(ideal for shaping).

Question 15

Punishment

Answer 15

A behavior is punished(weakened) whenever an undesirable outcome occurs as a consequence of performing the behaviour.
Behavioursthat are punished are less likely to be repeated.

Question 16

punisher

Answer 16

any consequence of a behavior that makes that behaviourless likely to recur in future.

Question 17

Positive and Negative punishment

Answer 17

• Positive Punishment = An animal will learn stop producing a behaviour if the consequence of producing the behavior is an unpleasant stimulus.
• Negative Punishment (response cost) = An animal will learn to stop producing a behavior if the consequence of producing the behavior is that something desirable is taken away.

Question 18

Cognitive learning

Answer 18

cognitive processes played an important role in learning complex behaviours, even in (non-human) animals.

Question 19

cognitive map

Answer 19

a mental representation of the spatial characteristics of a familiar environment.

Question 20

Latent learning

Answer 20

Learning without the present of reinforcement and punishment

Question 21

Social learning

Answer 21

• Learning takes place “socially” and “ vicariously” through observing others (“models”).
• takes place through active judgement and constructive processes, not just imitation
• provides another example of how learning can occur indirectly, without direct reinforcement or punishment.

Question 22

Effective punishment requires 3 C’s

Answer 22

1. Contingency
2. Contiguity
3. Consistency