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Useful Stuff > Definitions Paper 2 Bio > Flashcards

Definitions Paper 2 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Endangered Species

A

Species that are of risk of extinction.

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2
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

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3
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic cofactor which participate in the reaction and are changed by it

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4
Q

Abundance

A

The number of individuals of one species in a particular area

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5
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide (protein)

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6
Q

Computational Biology

A

Using computers to study biology

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7
Q

Quarternary Structure

A

Bonding between multiple polypeptide chains.

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8
Q

Founder Effect

A

When a small disproportionate group of organisms start a new population

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9
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of substances, though a carrier protein, against a concentration gradient using energy.

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10
Q

Habitat Diversity

A

The number of different habitats in an area.

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11
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of the evolution history of groups of organisms.

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12
Q

Primary Structure

A

The sequence of amino acids

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13
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

When a new species is formed not caused by geographical isolation but instead just reproductive isolation

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14
Q

Specific response

A

An antigen specific response aimed at specific pathogens with specific antigens.

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15
Q

Predation

A

Where an organisms kills and eats another organism

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16
Q

Codon

A

A section of 3 bases which codes for 1 amino acid

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17
Q

Stem Cells

A

Unspecialised cells.

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18
Q

Culture

A

A population of one type of microorganism that’s been grown under controlled conditions

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19
Q

Indirect transmission

A

When a disease is transmitted from one organism to another via an intermediate

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20
Q

Purine

A

A base with 2 carbon rings

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21
Q

Chronic

A

Long-term

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22
Q

Niche

A

The role of an organism within its habitat

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23
Q

Resolution

A

The clarity ; The ability to distinguish between two close points.

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24
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins which bind to specific antigens

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25
Q

Pluripotent

A

A stem cell which can develop into any type of cell, not including embryonic cells.

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26
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

the production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues

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27
Q

Clonal Expansion

A

The repeated mitosis of activated lymphocytes

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28
Q

Decomposer

A

An organism that breaks down dead or undigested organic matter

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29
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of different species and the abundance of each species (species richness and species evenness)

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30
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Developing and using software that can analyse, organise and sort biological data

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31
Q

Opsonins

A

Molecules in the blood that attach to foreign antigens to aid phagocytosis

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32
Q

Hox Genes

A

The genes that code for regulatory proteins that control the development of the body plan

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33
Q

Regulatory Gene

A

A gene that codes for an activator or repressor

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34
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy needed for chemicals to start a reaction.

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35
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Immunity after being given a vaccination containing a dose of antigens.

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36
Q

Climatic climax

A

The climax community for a particular climate

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37
Q

Cofactors

A

An inorganic molecule or ion that helps enzymes work without themselves being changed.

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38
Q

Codominant

A

Alleles that are both displayed in the phenotype

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39
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs which work together to perform a particular function.

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40
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that only needs one copy to be displayed in the phenotype

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41
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that eats other organisms

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42
Q

Activator

A

A transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription

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43
Q

Immobilised enzymes

A

Enzymes that are attached to an insoluble material so they can’t become mixed with the products

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44
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals

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45
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

The variation in alleles within a species.

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46
Q

Primary succession

A

Succession that occurs over land that’s newly formed

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47
Q

Synthetic Biology

A

The creation of biological molecules from scratch

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48
Q

Carrier

A

A person carries an allele that is not expressed in the phenotype but can be passed on to its offspring

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49
Q

Transcription Factor

A

Protein that binds to DNA to switch genes on or off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription.

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50
Q

Hosts

A

Plants that provide a particular environment.

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51
Q

Biosensor

A

A device which uses a biological molecule to detect a chemical.

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52
Q

Plagioclimax

A

The climax community that forms when succession is artificially stopped.

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53
Q

Phytoalexins

A

A chemical which inhibits the growth of fungi and other pathogens.

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54
Q

Biomass

A

The mass of living material

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55
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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56
Q

Repressor

A

A transcription factor that decreases the rate of transcription

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57
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species in an area.

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58
Q

Keystone species

A

A species which many other species in an ecosystem depend on and without which the ecosystem would dramatically change.

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59
Q

Homeodomain

A

A part of a regulatory protein that binds to DNA to allow it to work as a transcription factor

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60
Q

Expulsive Reflex

A

An automatic reaction to attempt to expel foreign objects.

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61
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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62
Q

Anatomical Evidence

A

Similarities in the structure and function of different body parts

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63
Q

Universal

A

The same specific base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things.

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64
Q

Cladistics

A

Classifying organisms according to their phylogeny.

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65
Q

In Vitro

A

Outside of a living organism

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66
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in the frequency of alleles in a population

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67
Q

Domain

A

Large super kingdoms above kingdoms in the taxonomic heirarchy.

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68
Q

Population

A

All the organisms of one species in a habitat

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69
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the organisms living in a certain area and all the non-living conditions

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70
Q

Artificial Selection

A

When humans select individuals with desirable characteristics to be bred together to get more desirable characteristics

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71
Q

Totipotent

A

A stem cell which can develop into any type of cell, including embryonic cells.

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72
Q

Degenerate

A

There more than 1 possible codon to code for 1 amino acid.

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73
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Evolution where chance dictating which alleles are passes on.

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74
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The engulfment of pathogens by a phagocyte. (Non-specific)

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75
Q

Sapronins

A

A chemical produced by plants that destroy the chitin cell wall of fungi.

76
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells that work together to performs a particular function.

77
Q

Polygenic

A

Inherited characteristics that are influenced by many genes

78
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane down a water potential gradient.

79
Q

Speciation

A

The development of a new species

80
Q

Multipotent

A

A stem cell that can develop into a limited range of different types of cell.

81
Q

Distribution

A

Where individuals of a particular species are found within the area you’re investigating

82
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Variation between species

83
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

Produces a DNA molecule with one new strand and one old strand.

84
Q

Disease

A

A condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

85
Q

Pioneer Species

A

The first species to colonise an area

86
Q

Magnification

A

How many times larger the image size is than the actual size.

87
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

The formation of a new species causes by geographical isolation

88
Q

Polar

A

Have a partial positive and a partial negative charge on the same molecule.

89
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Immunity after being injected with someone else’s antibodies.

90
Q

Promoter

A

The DNA sequence before structural genes that is the binding site for RNA polymerase.

91
Q

Intron

A

A section of DNA that doesn’t code for an amino acid

92
Q

Climax Community

A

The last stage of succession which supports the largest and most complex community of plants and animals. Doesn’t change much - it’s in a steady state.

93
Q

Non-specific response

A

A response that happens in the same way for all pathogens - ignoring their antigens.

94
Q

Dihybrid Inheritance

A

The inheritance of two characteristics that are caused by different genes

95
Q

Dynamic system

A

A system that is changing all the time

96
Q

Homeobox Sequence

A

Section of the hox genes that code for the homeodomain.

97
Q

Taxonomy

A

The study of classification

98
Q

Limiting Factor (ecology)

A

Something that stops the population size of a species from increasing

99
Q

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity

A
  • international responsibility to protection biodiversity as is international law
  • provides guidance to countries
  • develops strategies to manage biodiversity sustainably
100
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

Being given antibodies from breast milk or from the placenta.

101
Q

Autosomal genes

A

Genes found on any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome

102
Q

Biotechnology

A

The industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products

103
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which the results answer the original question.

104
Q

Sustainable Management

A

Resources are taken to meet the needs of people today, without reducing the ability of people in the future to meet their own needs.

105
Q

Epistasis

A

When the allele of one gene masks the expression of the allele of another gene

106
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A
  • pay land owners who follow management techniques
  • Aims to conserve biodiversity and wildlife, and extend wildlife habitats by promoting management techniques.
  • shown significant improvement in biodiversity
107
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

108
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised.

109
Q

Producer

A

An organism that does photosynthesis - produces energy from the suns energy

110
Q

Reliability

A

The ability to reproduce the same results.

111
Q

Neutrophils

A

A type of phagocyte

112
Q

Behavioural evidence

A

Similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms.

113
Q

Unspecialised

A

Can develop into different types of cell.

114
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that needs to be homozygous to be displayed in the phenotype

115
Q

Trophic level

A

A stage in a good chain occupied by a particular group of organisms

116
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism that carries two copies of the same allele in its genotype

117
Q

Embryological Evidence

A

Similarities in the early development of organisms

118
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

When organisms of the same species compete with each other for the same resources.

119
Q

Operator

A

A DNA sequence that transcription factors bind to

120
Q

Interdependent

A

Species depending on each other to survive.

121
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity when your immune system produces its own antibodies

122
Q

Mutation

A

Any change to the base sequence of DNA is known as a mutation

123
Q

Isolated enzymes

A

Enzymes that aren’t contained within cells

124
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein which speeds up metabolic reactions. A biological catalyst.

125
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Further bonding within one polypeptide chain.

126
Q

CITES Agreement

A
  • encourages international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animals and plant specimens.
  • member nations make it illegal to kill endangered species
  • illegal to trade in endangered species’ products
127
Q

Structural gene

A

A gene that codes for a protein that is used around the body.

128
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread between organisms

129
Q

Locus

A

The fixed position of a gene on a chromosome

130
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

131
Q

Population Size

A

The total number of organisms of one species living in an area

132
Q

Interleukins

A

Chemicals produced by T helper cells to activate B lymphocytes

133
Q

In Situ Conservation

A

Protection of a species in their natural habitat

134
Q

Secondary succession

A

Succession that occurs on land that’s been clearly of all plants

135
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion through channel or carrier proteins

136
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

137
Q

Plasmolysed

A

Where the membrane of a plant cell pulls away from the cell wall, under hypertonic conditions.

138
Q

Genetic polymorphism

A

A locus that has two or more different alleles.

139
Q

Direct transmission

A

When a disease is transmitted directly from one organism to another.

140
Q

Pyrimidine

A

A base with 1 carbon ring.

141
Q

Monoculture

A

The growing of a single variety of a single crop

142
Q

Prosthetic group

A

A tightly bound cofactor that is permanently bound to its enzyme’s active site.

143
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

Immunity after catching a disease

144
Q

Genetic Bottleneck

A

An event that causes a big reduction in a populations size

145
Q

Clonal Selection

A

The activation of lymphocytes by a specific antigen.

146
Q

Accuracy

A

The closeness of the results to the true answer.

147
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group.

148
Q

Monogenic

A

Inherited characteristics that are caused by only one gene

149
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism that carries two different alleles in its genotype

150
Q

Operon

A

Section of DNA that codes for a cluster of structural genes, that are transcribed together.

151
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

152
Q

Deflected succession

A

When succession is prevented by human activity

153
Q

Allele

A

A different version of a gene

154
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles an organism has

155
Q

Organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

156
Q

Preservation

A

The protection of ecosystems so they are kept exactly as they are.

157
Q

Adaptation

A

Characteristics of an organism that increase its chance of survival and reproduction and increase the chances of its offspring reproducing successfully.

158
Q

Cytokines

A

A messenger molecule that is released at wounds and attracts neutrophils.

159
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Hydrogen bonds forming alpha helix or beta pleated sheets.

160
Q

Immunisation

A

The process by which an individual develops their immunity.

161
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

A disease resulting from an abnormal immune response targeting self-antigens

162
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics the alleles produce

163
Q

Micropropagation

A

When tissue culture is used to produce lots of plant clones rapidly

164
Q

Conservation

A

The protection and management of ecosystems so that the natural resources in them can be used without them running out.

165
Q

Genetic Resources

A

Any material from organisms, containing genes, that we find valuable

166
Q

Ex Situ

A

Off site conservation involving the removal of part of a population from a threatened habitat.

167
Q

Passive Immunity

A

When your body is given antibodies made by a different organism.

168
Q

Closed Culture

A

When growth takes place in a vessel that’s isolated from the external environment- no nutrients are added or waste removed

169
Q

Splicing

A

The process of removing introns and joining exons.

170
Q

Precision

A

The variation from the mean

171
Q

Body Plan

A

The general structure of an organism

172
Q

Habitat

A

An area inhabited by a species.

173
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms in an area.

174
Q

Molecular Evidence

A

Similarities in DNA and proteins

175
Q

Antigens

A

Biological molecule markers found of the surface of cells which are unique to each cell.

176
Q

Interspecific competition

A

When different species compete for the same resource.

177
Q

Species evenness

A

The measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area.

178
Q

Intraspecific Variation

A

Variation within a species.

179
Q

Succession

A

The process by which an ecosystem changes over time

180
Q

Exon

A

A section of DNA that codes for an amino acid

181
Q

Cloning

A

The production of genetically identical cells or organisms from an existing organism

182
Q

Epidemics

A

Mass outbreaks of disease

183
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support.

184
Q

Dynamic (Conservation)

A

Constant adaptation of the management in response to constant changes in the ecosystem

185
Q

Reclamation

A

Restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed so that they can be used again

186
Q

Management of Ecosystems

A

Controlling how resources are used and replaced

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