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Year 2 - Pharm Lectures 11+ > Anti-Virals > Flashcards

Anti-Virals Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of viruses?

A
  • Envelope proteins
  • Lipid envelope
  • Genetic material (RNA or DNA)
  • Capsid
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2
Q

What is the viral tropism of hepatitis & when is treatment required?

A

Tropism:
• liver hepatocyte

Only CHRONIC infection requires treatment

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3
Q

Hep B treatment?

A

 Tenofovir:
• nucleoTIDE analogue
• reverse transcriptase inhibitor
• given w. Peginterferon alfa soemtimes

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4
Q

Hep C treatment?

A

 Ribavirin:
• nucleoSIDE analogue
• Purine analogue
• given with Peginterferon alfa

 Boceprevir:
• protease inhibitor
• most effective against HepC genotype 1

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5
Q

What is the goal of HCV treatment as of today and how is it achieved?

A

To CURE the virus

This is done with a combination of drugs which depend upon:
– HCV genotype, viral load, past treatment experience, liver health, etc

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6
Q

Explain DAAs (directly acting antivirals)

A

These are structural & non-structural proteins which we can directly target with drugs in production now

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7
Q

Explain the HIV life cycle

A
  1. Attachment and entry
    • viral membrane proteins interact with and bind leucocyte membrane proteins –> viral capsid endocytosis
  2. Replication and Integration
    • reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA –> DNA
    • DNA integrated into host DNA
  3. Assembly and release
    • host cell used to produce viral RNA & essential proteins
    • virus reassembled within cell –> MATURE VIRION released
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8
Q

Possible areas that HIV Inhibitors can work?

A

(1) Attachment and Entry
• HIV Entry Inhibitors

(2a) Replication
(2b) Integration
• HIV Replication Inhibitors

(3) Assembly & Release
• HIV Replication Inhibitors

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9
Q

Explain how HIV Entry Inhibitors work in (1) Attachment & Entry

A

Normal entry of HIV:
• HIV GP120 binds CD4
• HIV GP120 also binds to either CCR5 or CXCR4

• GP41 penetrates host cell membrane and viral capsid enters

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10
Q

Drugs used as HIV Entry Inhibitors

A

o Enfuvirtide
– binds and inhibits GP41 (transmembrane glycoprotein)

o Maraviroc
– blocks CCR5 chemokine receptor.

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11
Q

Explain how HIV Replication Inhibitors work in (2a) Replication

A

Normal replication of HIV:
• Reverse transcriptase
• viral ssRNA –> dsDNA

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12
Q

Drugs used as HIV Replication Inhibitors in response to Replication

A

o NucleoSIDE RT Inhibitors
• activated by a 3-step phosphorylation process
• E.g. Zidovudine

o NucleoTIDE RT Inhibitors
• fewer phosphorylation steps required
• e.g. Tenofovir

o Non-nucleoSIDE RT Inhibitors
• NO phosphorylation required
• NOT incorporated into viral DNA
• e.g. Efavirenz

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13
Q

Explain how HIV Replication Inhibitors work in (2b) Integration

A

Normal integration of HIV:
• Viral integrase
• inserts viral RNA into host DNA

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14
Q

Drugs used as HIV Replication Inhibitors in response to Integration?

A

o Raltegravir

• viral integrase inhibitor

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15
Q

Explain how HIV Replication Inhibitors work in (3) Assembly & Release

A

Normal assembly & release:
• Gag precursor is the precursor for ALL viral structural proteins
• HIV protease cleaves the Gag precursor into an ACTIVE Gag protein

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16
Q

Drugs used as HIV Replication Inhibitors in response to Assembly & Release?

A

o Saquinavir
• Protease Inhibitor (PI)

o Ritonavir (low-dose)
 • reduces PI metabolism
 • co-administered as a booster to raise [PI]
17
Q

Virology and Tropism of HSV?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

Virology:
• dsDNA virus
• surrounded by a tegumet & enclosed in a lipid bilayer

Tropism:
• HSV-1 –> cold sores
• HSV-2 –> genital herpes

18
Q

Treatment for HSV?

A

Acyclovir!

• nucleoSIDE analogue

19
Q

Virology and Tropism for Influenza?

A

Virology:
• ssRNA virus
• Envelope proteins NEURAMINIDASE (NA) activation leads to release of virus

Tropism:
• Nose, throat and bronchi

20
Q

Treatment for Influenza?

A

Oseltamivir

• NA inhibitor

21
Q

Distinguish between different types of virus and describe how they use the host cell to replicate

A

HIV
• retrovirus
• leukocytes

Hepatitis
• DNA & RNA viruses
• hepatocytes

HSV
• DNA virus

Influenza
• RNA virus

Year 2 - Pharm Lectures 11+ (23 decks)

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