Control, Punishment and Victims Flashcards
What prevents people from committing crimes?
Give at one example.
At least one from:
- Surveillance
- Punishment
- Stigma/labelling around committing a crime – ideological control.
What do social and community crime prevention strategies aim to do?
- Prevent the root causes which lead people to crime e.g. poverty, unemployment and poor housing.
Complete the following sentence:
Policies which do _____ directly tackle crime could _____ crime levels.
- Not
- Limit
Complete the following sentence:
Policies on _______ could help _______ crime.
- Unemployment
- Prevent
What was involved in the Perry Pre-School Project in Michigan?
- A group of 3-4 year olds from disadvantaged black families were given a 2 year intellectual enrichment programme.
- A longitudinal study followed these children compared to a control group and found by the age of 40, more were employed, more had graduated high school and they had significantly fewer lifetime arrests.
- For every dollar spent 17 children were saved from prison and welfare.
How can social and community crime prevention strategies be evaluated?
Give at least one example.
At least one from:
- This would be a far better investment in helping children early in life so that they don’t commit crime.
- However, where would the funding for these projects come from?
How can all crime prevention strategies be evaluated?
Give at least one example.
At least one from:
- Focused on the crimes of the powerless (violent, low level) rather than the crimes of the powerful and environmental crime.
- Whyte found they are focused on vehicle crime, burglary and drug crime (which politicians are interested in), ignoring other harmful crime e.g. some environmental crime.
What is the annual chance of becoming a victim of a crime?
1/4
Complete the following sentences:
The _____ groups are more likely to be victimised. For example, crime rates are typically _____ in areas of ________ and deprivation.
- Poorest
- Highest
- Unemployment
Complete the following sentences:
______ people are more at risk of victimisation. Those most at risk of being murdered are infants under the age of _____, whilst ______ are more vulnerable than adults to offences including assault, sexual harassment, theft, and ______ at home. Old people are also at risk of abuse, for example, in nursing homes, where victimisation is less ________, but in general, the risk of victimisation ______ with age.
- Young
- One
- Teenagers
- Abuse
- Visible
- Declines
Complete the following sentence:
Minority ______ groups are at a greater risk than white people of being victims of crime in general, as well as of ______ motivated crimes.
- Ethnic
- Racially
Complete the following sentences:
______ are at a greater risk than women of becoming victims of _____ attacks, especially by _______. About _____ of homicide victims are male. Women are more likely to be victims of ______ violence, sexual violence, stalking and harassment and people trafficking.
- Men
- Violent
- Strangers
- 70%
- Domestic
Complete the following sentence:
If you have been a victim once, you are more likely to be a victim ______.
- Again
What type of data do positivists like?
Quantitative data
What do positivists look at?
- Statically what makes people more likely to be victims.
Complete the following sentence:
The earliest positivist studies ______ on the idea of victim _______. They sought to identify the _______ and psychological ____ of victims that make them different from, and more vulnerable than, non-victims.
- Focussed
- Proneness
- Social
- Characteristics
How can positivist victimology be evaluated?
Give at least one example.
At least one from:
- Wolfgang shows the importance of the victim-offender relationship and the fact that in many homicides, it is a matter of chance as to who becomes the victim.
- This approach identifies the certain patterns of interpersonal victimisation, but ignores wider structural factors that influence victimisation, such as poverty and patriarchy.
- This approach can easily tip over into victim blaming.
- It ignores the situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation, as with some crimes against the environment, and where harm is done but no laws are broken.
Complete the following sentence:
Critical victimology is based on ______ theories such as ______ and Feminism, and shares the ______ approach as critical criminology.
- Conflict
- Marxism
- Same
What two elements does critical victimology focus on?
- Structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty, which place powerless groups such as women and the poor at greater risk of victimisation.
- The state’s power to apply or deny the label of victim
Complete the following sentences:
Through the criminal justice process, the state applies the _____ of victim to some people but _____ to others. For example, when police decide not to press charges against a man for assaulting his wife, thereby denying her ______ status.
- Label
- Not
- Victim
How can critical victimology be evaluated?
Give at least one example.
At least one from:
- Critical victimology disregards the roles that victims may play in bringing victimisation on themselves through their own choices e.g. not making their home secure, or their own offending.
- It is valuable in drawing attention to the way that ‘victim’ status is constructed by power and how this benefits the powerful at the expense of the powerless.
Complete the following sentences:
Crime may have serious physical and emotional _______ on its victims. For example, research has found a variety of effects (depending on the crime), including ________ sleep, feelings of helplessness, increased security consciousness and difficulties in ______ functioning. Crime may also create ‘_____’ victims, such as friends, relatives and witnesses of the crime.
- Impacts
- Disrupted
- Social
- Indirect
