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Hee-matte-ology > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopoeisis?

A

The formation of blood cells

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2
Q

What are the three types of mature blood cells?

A

Red cells
White cells
Platelets

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3
Q

What are the types of white cells?

A

Granulocytes
Monocytes/Macrophages
Lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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5
Q

What are the 3 lymphocytes/

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of haemopoiesis?

A

Granulopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Erythropoesis

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7
Q

What is the life span of Red cells?

A

120 days

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8
Q

What is the life span of neutrophils?

A

7-8 hours

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9
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

7-10 days

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10
Q

Where do mature white cells come from?

A

Precursor cells

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11
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Budding from megakaryocyte

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12
Q

What are cells -blasts?

A

Nucleated precursor cell

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13
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immediate red cell precursor

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14
Q

What are myelocytes?

A

Nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

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15
Q

What is the original precursor cell for all blood cells?

A

Haemopoietic stem cell

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16
Q

Which cells can self renew?

A

Stem cells

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17
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Increase in numbers

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18
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Descendants commit to one or more lineages

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19
Q

What is maturation?

A

Descendants acquire funtional properties

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20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Descendants undergo cell death

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21
Q

Embryonically, where do HSC originate?

A

Mesoderm

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22
Q

When are comitted progenitors dectectable?

A

Week 5

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23
Q

When does the yolk sac stop erythropoesis?

A

Week 10

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24
Q

When does the liver start haemopoiesis?

A

Week 6

25
Q

When does the bone marrow start haemopoiesis?

A

week 16

26
Q

Where is haemopoiesis restricted to in adults?

A

Marrow within axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

27
Q

Which bones are most responsible for haemopoeisis?

A

Vertebra
Sternum
Rib
(In that order)

28
Q

Where is bone marrow aspirated from in adults?

A

Posterior iliac crest

Sternum

29
Q

Where is bone marrow aspirated in children?

A

Tibia?

30
Q

What is the bone marrow?

A

Complex organ surrounded by a shell of bone with a neurovascular supply

31
Q

What are the 3 compartments of bone marrow?

A

Cellular
Connective tissue matrix
Vascular elements

32
Q

What cells are seen in bone marrow?

A 
Haemopoietic cells
Non-Haemopoeitic cells 
-Adipocytes
-Fibroblasts
-Osteobladts etc
33
Q

What is the bone marrow vasculature like?

A

Venous sinuses
Nutrient artery and periosteal network
Arterioles drain into sinuses

34
Q

How are sinuses different to capillaries?

A

Larger

Discontinuous basement membrane

35
Q

What 3 cells make up a bone marrow sinus?

A

Adipocyte
Sinusoids
Endothelial cell

36
Q

How can formed blood cells enter the circulation?

A

Through fenestrations in endothelial cells

37
Q

What is release of red cells associated with?

A

Sinusoidal dilation and increased blood flow

38
Q

Where do neutrophils actively migrate towards?

A

Sinusoid

39
Q

What do megakaryocytes do during release of cells from marrow?

A

Extend long processes called proplatelets into blood vessels

40
Q

What are two types of marrow?

A

Red and yellow

41
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Haemopoitically active

42
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Fatty inactive marrow

43
Q

WHich marrow increases with age?

A

Yellow marrow

44
Q

WHat is the myeloid:erythroid ratio?

A

Relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors

45
Q

What should the m:e ratio be?

A

1.5-3:1

46
Q

when is the m:e ratiorreversed?

A

Compensatory haemolysis

47
Q

What 3 things regulate haemopoiesis?

A

Intrinsic properties of cells
Microenvironmental factors
Specific anatomical area

48
Q

What ‘nurses’ macrophages?

A

Erythroid islands

49
Q

What regulates neutrophil precursor maturation?

A

G-CSF

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

50
Q

What regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes?

A

Thrombopoietin

51
Q

What microenviromental factors regulate haemopoiesis?

A

Niche provides signals for expansion, differentiation or dormancy

52
Q

What does the niche provide access to?

A

Cytokines

53
Q

What can alter the niche?

A

Diseased states

Therapy

54
Q

How is haemopoiesis assessed?

A

Blood count
Cell indices
Morphology
Bone marrow examination

55
Q

What is suffiecient asessment for non-lymphoid cells?

A

Blood count

Morphological assessment

56
Q

What is used for assessment of lymphoid cells?

A

Immunophenotyping

57
Q

What is looked for when assessing haemopoiesis?

A

Morphologically indistinguishable cells

Rare cell populations

58
Q

What is immunophenotyping?

A

Identify patterns of antigen expression unique to a cell lineage
Use antibodies specific to different antigens

Hee-matte-ology (17 decks)

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