SMELL

Question 1

___________maintain the electrolyte (particularly K) levels in
the extracellular milieu;

Answer 1

sustentacular cells

Question 2

________, which are stem
cells and the source of both the olfactory and sustentacular
cells during regeneration

Answer 2

basal cells

Question 3

____________ are very fine (0.2 mm in diameter) unmyelinated
fibers that converge to form small fascicles enwrapped
by Schwann cells that pass through openings in the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the olfactory
bulb

Answer 3

olfactory

fila,

Question 4

These molecules are thought to
prevent the intracranial entry of pathogens via the olfactory
pathway

Answer 4

immunoglobulins
A and M, lactoferrin, and lysoenzyme as well as
odorant-binding proteins

Question 5

The medial stria contains fibers from the ____________. these pass to the opposite side via the anterior commissure.

Fibers in the _________originate in the olfactory bulb, give off collaterals to the anterior perforated substance, and
terminate in the medial and cortical nuclei of the ___________ (also referred
to as the lateral olfactory gyrus).

Answer 5

anterior olfactory nucleus;

lateral stria

amygdaloid
complex and the prepiriform area

Question 6

The transduction of odorant stimuli to electrical

signals is mediated in part by a _______

Answer 6

guanosine triphosphate

GTP)-dependent adenylyl cyclase (“G protein”

Question 7

The _______ also participates in chemesthesis
through undifferentiated receptors in the nasal
mucosa. These receptors have little discriminatory ability
but a great sensitivity to irritant stimuli

Answer 7

trigeminal system

Question 8

clinical manifestations of olfactory disease

1. _________________loss or reduction of the sense
   of smell (anosmia, hyposmia) or, rarely, increased
   olfactory acuity (hyperosmia)
2. __________________ distortions or illusions of
   smell (dysosmia or parosmia)
3. _____________caused by temporal
   lobe disorders or psychiatric disease
4. _____________(olfactory
   agnosia)

Answer 8

Quantitative abnormalities:

Qualitative abnormalities:

Olfactory hallucinations and delusions

Higher-order loss of olfactory discrimination

Question 9

__________
substances are unsuitable stimuli because they do not test
the sense of smell but have a primary irritating effect on
the mucosal-free nerve endings of the trigeminal nerves

Answer 9

Ammonia and similar pungent

Question 10

Unique features of this test are a means for detecting

malingering and amenability to self-administration

Answer 10

scratch-and-sniff test

Question 11

The loss of smell usually falls into one of three categories:
__________(in which odorants do not reach the olfactory
receptors), olfactory neuroepithelial (caused by destruction
of receptors or their axon filaments), and central (olfactory
pathway lesions

Answer 11

nasal

Question 12

_________ is probably the most frequent cause of ANOSMIA

Answer 12

Heavy smoking

Question 13

Biopsies of the olfactory mucosa
in cases of allergic rhinitis have shown that the sensory
epithelial cells are still present, ______

Answer 13

but their cilia are deformed

and shortened and are buried under other mucosal cells.

Question 14

Nutritional and metabolic diseases such as __________
(Wernicke disease), ________, adrenal
and perhaps __________ cirrhosis, and chronic
renal failure may give rise to anosmia, all as a result
of ________

Answer 14

thiamine deficiency

vitamin A deficiency

thyroid insufficiency,

sensorineural dysfunction

Question 15

Anosmia has been found in some patients with
temporal lobe epilepsy and particularly in such patients
who had been subjected to ______

Answer 15

anterior temporal lobectomy

Question 16

The term ___________ has been applied to an
unusual olfactory phenomenon in which a person with
normal olfactory acuity for most substances encounters a
particular compound or class of compounds that is odorless
to him, although obvious to others. In

Answer 16

specific anosmia

Question 17

Pathophysio of anosmia in PD

Answer 17

has been that Lewy bodies in particular are
caused by a pathogen that enters through the peripheral
olfactory system and proceeds centrally through the
medial temporal lobe

Question 18

Olfactory hallucinations and delusions may occur in
conjunction with ________ but one should
also consider the possibility of a late-life depression.

Answer 18

Alzheimer dementia,

Question 19

olfactory dysfunction in patients with the alcoholic form of

Korsakoff psychosis;

Answer 19

Loss of O l fa ctory D i sc r i m i n at i o n

O lfa cto ry Ag n o s i a

Question 20

The ________ are round or oval structures,
each composed of up to 200 vertically oriented receptor
cells arranged like the staves of a bar

Answer 20

taste buds

Question 21

The superficial
portion of the bud is marked by a small opening, the
_______, which opens onto the mucosal surface

Answer 21

taste pore or pit

Question 22

u mani, signifying a savory taste-the taste of _______

Answer 22

glutamate,

aspartate, and certain ribonucleotides

Question 23

A G-protein transduction system _________, similar
to the one for olfaction, has been found to be operative
in signaling taste sensations in the tongue receptors

Answer 23

(gustducin)

Question 24

The receptor cells of the taste buds have a brief
life cycle__________, being replaced constantly by
mitotic division of adjacent basal epithelial cells

Answer 24

(about 10 days)

Question 25

From the posterior one-third of the tongue, soft palate,
and palatal arches, the sensory taste fibers are conveyed
via the __________
to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius

Answer 25

glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve and ganglion nodosum

Question 26

The gustaton; n ucleus is situated in the
rostral and lateral parts of the nucleus tractus solitarius,
which receive the special afferent (taste) fibers from the
___________ nerves

Answer 26

facial and glossopharyngeal

Question 27

Special types of apparatus
___________ have been devised for the measurement
of taste intensity and for determining the detection
and recognition thresholds of taste and olfactory stimuli

Answer 27

(electrogustometers)

Question 28

Apart from the loss of taste sensation that accompanies
normal aging, _______ is probably the most common
cause of impairment of taste sensation

Answer 28

smoking

Question 29

Taste is frequently
lost over the anterior two-thirds of one side of the
tongue in cases of mundane_____

Answer 29

Bell palsy,

Question 30

A permanent decrease in the acuity of taste and
smell (hypogeusia and hyposmia), sometimes associated
with perversions of these sensory functions (dysgeusia
and dysosmia), may follow ______

Answer 30

influenza-like illnesses

Question 31

drugs that alter taste sensation

Answer 31

Lipid-lowering drugs, antihistamines, antimicrobials,
antineoplastics, bronchodilators, antidepressants, and
antiepileptics

Question 32

Oropharyngeal tumors may, of course, abolish taste by invading the chorda ________

Answer 32

tympani or lingual nerves

and basal skull

Question 33

Unilateral______
and ___________, however, have both been
associated with contralateral impairment of taste sensation
in rare cases.

Answer 33

thalamic

parietal lobe lesions

Question 34

a gustatory aura occasionally
marks the beginning of a seizure originating in
the________ or in the _________

Answer 34

frontoparietal (suprasylvian) cortex

uncal
region.

Question 35

Gustatory hallucinations were more
frequent with _______, and in half of the
cases, the gustatory aura was followed by a convulsion

Answer 35

right-hemisphere lesions

Question 36

mainly in postmenopausal women and is characterized
by persistent, severe intraoral pain (particularly of the
tongue)..

Many such patients that we have encountered appeared to have a________ but they responded
only inconsistently to administration of antidepressants

_____ may be useful, and capsaicin has been tried
with uncertain results.

Answer 36

Burning Mouth Syndrome

depressive illness,

Clonazepam