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Cognitive Psychology 2 > Week 7: False Memories > Flashcards

Week 7: False Memories Flashcards

1
Q

What are everyday memories?

A

Behaviour designed to fufil specific goes and influenced by

Past experiances
Culture
Motivation
Personality

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2
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memories of personally experianced events including flashbulb memories

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3
Q

What kind of memories are flashbulb memories?

A

Episodic

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4
Q

What factors can affect everyday memories?

A

Past experiences, history and culture
Current motives and emotions
Intelligence and personality traits
Future goals and plans

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5
Q

What factors can affect episodic memories?

A

The context we remember them in
The cognitive state of the person
How deeply the original memory was processed

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6
Q

What are autobiographical memories?

A

Somewhere between semantic and episodic memory including facts about your life such as your age or where you used to live.

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7
Q

How can our autobiographical memory be inaccurate?

A

Some events can distract our memories from other events

We make errors on the details but generally remember the gist of the event

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8
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

These are a type of autobiographical memory that is exceptionally vivid and detailed. They occur when the event is surprising and important for the person receiving the news.

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9
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in flashbulb memories?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

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10
Q

What was the Brown and Kulik study into flashbulb memory?

A

Participants were asked what they remembered about major events. 79/80 remembered where they were when they learnt about the assassination of JFK. 73/80 also reported experiencing a flashbulb memory for a personal event.

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11
Q

How did Brown and Kulik demonstrate the importance of personal relevance in flashbulb memories?

A

The presence of flashbulb memories also depends on personal relevance. 30/40 african americans had flashbulb memroies of where they were when they heard about the assassination of MLK compared to 13/40 white americans

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12
Q

How did Neisser and Harsch demonstrate the inaccuracy of flashbulb memories? (Challenger)

A

Over time, accurate recall can decrease. Participants were given a questionnaire the day after the Challenger shuttle exploded, and then another 32 months later. Only 7% were completely accurate. Confidence in their own memories still remained high.

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13
Q

What is the effect of delayed questioning after an incident?

A

Participants are given more time to consolidate memories so less suseptable to memory alteration

Although they showed less recall overall

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14
Q

Are flashbulb memories consisant over time when compared to everyday memories?

A

Everyday memories were more conssitant but flashbulb memories were more accurate and vivid

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15
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A

False memories can be strengthened through repeated retrieval

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16
Q

What was the ‘lost in the mall’ study by Loftus and Pickrell?

A

Participants read short narratives of childhood events provided by family members including the false one about the mall
They were then asked to recall their own memories of the events
25% of the participants ‘remembered’ being lost in the mall

17
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Misleading information can replace true information which then leads to inaccurate information being retrieved

18
Q

What is the difference in brain activities between real and false memories?

A

True memories show more activation in the visual processing areas

19
Q

How can we criticize research into flashbulb memories?

A

Participants aren’t generalisable

Lab stories aren’t ecologically valid

20
Q

What is an eyewitness testimony?

A

An account given by people relating to a crime they have witnessed

21
Q

How accurate is our recognition of faces in CCTV images?

A

65%

35% false positives when the target is not present

22
Q

What percentage of prosecutors think a confident witness is more accurate?

A

75%

23
Q

How does eyewitness testimony relate to wrongful convictions?

A

It’s the leading cause of wrongful convictions in the US

After looking at DNA evidence, over 350 people have been exonerated

24
Q

Why do witnesses make mistakes when recalling crimes?

A

Wepon focus
Stress
Anxiety

25
Q

What is wepon focus?

A

The focus of witnesses during a crime is drawn to the wepon

They are less likely to remember details about the criminal as they’re looking at the wepon

26
Q

How is violence related to eye witness accuracy?

A

More violence = less accurate

27
Q

What explanations have been proposed for why violence makes eye witnesses less accurate?

A

Violence draws the attention away from peripheral details

Higher autominic arousal reduces memory encoding

28
Q

What factors can increase recall in eyewitness testimony?

A

They go back to the scene and are given contextual cues
They were exposed to the offender’s face for a long time
Give their testimony soon after the crime
They attend those surroundings regularly and are able to form stronger mental images
The other person looks dishonest (schemas)

29
Q

What factors mediate the effects of leading questions?

A

The witness beliefs the person questioning them knows what happened
The witness is unaware that they are being mislead
The information relates to the peripheral facts rather than the central details

30
Q

What is the familiarity effect?

A

They’re more likely to pick out someone from the line up that they’ve seen before, even if this person was only a bystander

31
Q

How does age affect eyewitness testimony?

A

Older adults are more likely to produce false memories after being given misleading information

32
Q

What techniques are used in cognitive interviews to increase accurate recall?

A

Mentally reinstating the environment and the personal context at the time of the crime
Reporting everything regardless of importance
Recounting events in a variety of different orders
Reporting events in a variety of different perspectives to reduce bias

Cognitive Psychology 2 (8 decks)

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