Lab 6: Plant Overview, Roots, and Stems Flashcards
define: monocot
plant with only 1 embryonic leaf
define: eudicot
plant with 2 embryonic leaves
state the following for the tissue type: meristem
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- A
- produce new cells that can differentiate into all other cell types
- thin cell walls, lack of differentiation, rapid cell division, sensitivity to physical and hormonal signals
- tissues in the apical bud at the top of a growing plant
state the following for the tissue type: dermal
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- B
- form a thin protective layer that covers the outer surfaces of plants
- form a single densely packed layer of cells and often secretes a waxy cuticle layer on the outer surfaces of the plant
- the outermost layer of a maple leaf
state the following for the tissue type: ground (parenchyma)
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- D
- store energy reserves, perform photosynthesis, and/or differentiate into other plant cell types when under specific chemical or hormonal conditions
- thin cell walls, lack of differentiation, sensitivity to physical and hormonal signals, contain large vacuoles and/or many chloroplasts
- The bulk of what you eat in carrots, radishes, and potatoes
state the following for the tissue type: ground (collenchyma)
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- F
- provide support to structures while still allowing continued growth
- unevenly thickened primary cell walls (mostly at corners)
- crisp parts of a young, flexible celery stalk
state the following for the tissue type: ground (sclerenchyma)
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- C
- provide hard, rigid, physical support to plant structures
- dead cells with thick secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin, a complex hard organic material that gives these walls great strength
- hard rigid shells that protect nuts and seeds
state the following for the tissue type: (vascular) xylem (vessels, fibers, tracheids)
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- G
- conduct water and nutrients from roots to the leaves and to physically support the plant body
- dead cells with secondary cell walls heavily thickened with lignin. these calls form a network of interconnected tubes
- sapwood of sugar maple tree that is tapped to make sugar syrup (this is not phloem!)
state the following for the tissue type: (vascular) phloem (sieve tube cells, companion cells)
- picture
- function
- structural features
- example
- E
- transport photosynthetic products (ex: sugars) throughout plant
- long, un-nucleated, living cells joined end-to-end to form long tubes with perforations in the cell walls at each junction. Adjacent nucleated cells control the functioning of the long tube forming cells
- a living layer of a cedar tree’s trunk. when a strip of this layer is removed all the way around the tree trunk the tree dies in a year or less
What tissues/cell types contribute to a plant’s ability to grow taller?
-apical meristems produce new cells that can differentiate into all other cell types rapidly due to sensitivity to physical and hormonal signals
Try taking every cell type and explaining how a plant could not grow taller without this cell type
- see lab prep answer sheet
There are some simple patterns in the arrangement of vascular tissues that are useful in determining whether you are looking at a cross section of a root or a stem. Explain the pattern for roots and how to tell if it is a monocot or eudicot root.
roots:
- adradial arrangement of xylem and phloem
- endodermis present with casparian strips
monocot:
- large vascular cylinder with central pith
- xylem not arranged in a cross shape
eudicots
- small vascular cylinder without central pith
- xylem arranged in shape of cross
There are some simple patterns in the arrangement of vascular tissues that are useful in determining whether you are looking at a cross section of a root or a stem. Explain the pattern for stems and how to tell if it is a monocot or eudicot stem.
stem:
- perradial arrangement of xylem and phloem
- no endodermis and casparian strip
monocot:
- vascular bundles distributed randomly in pith tissue
- no vascular cambium
eudicots:
- vascular bundles arranged in a circle around a central pith
- cambium present between xylem and phloem
define: epidermis
- layer of cells covering the stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed parts of a plant. The epidermis and its waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection
define: endodermis
The endodermal layer in a plant, almost always in the root, regulates the water and other substances that get into the plant. The endodermis is a single layer of cells that borders the cortex of a root.
