Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Chapter 24 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

pharynx

A

Muscular driving of materials into the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

esophagus

A

transport of materials to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

stomach

A

– Mechanical digestion with muscular contractions

– chemical digestion by acid and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

small intestine

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

large intestine

A

indigestible materials prepares for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Integrated processes of digestive system

A 
–Ingestion 
–Mechanical digestion and propulsion
–Chemical digestion 
–Secretion
–Absorption
–Defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections from surface of certain membranous structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mucosa

A

glands and the gastric pits, mucous membrane layer of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

submucosa

A

layer of areolar connective tissue under mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones that coordinate activities of digestive tract and accessory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

regulation of digestive functions

A

– Local factors
– Neural mechanisms
– Hormonal mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

visceral motor neurons

A

Control smooth muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Short reflexes (local reflexes)

A
  • Control small segments of digestive tract

* outside of CNS control - enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

long reflexes

A
  • in CNS
  • Provide higher level control
  • Stimulate large-scale peristalsis
  • Parasympathetic motor fibers synapse in myenteric plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hormonal mechanisms

enteroendocrine cells:

A

– Enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract produce many peptide hormones
• Affect almost every aspect of digestion
– Travel through bloodstream to reach target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chyme

A

Partially digested food mixed w acidic secretions of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rugae

A

wrinkles/gastric folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gastric glands

A

– In fundus and body of stomach
– Each gastric pit communicates w/ several gastric glands
• Parietal cells
• Chief cells
– Secrete about 1500 mL of gastric juice each day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

parietal cells

A

– Secrete intrinsic factor
• Glycoprotein - absorb vitamin B12
– secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chief cells

A

– Secrete pepsinogen (an inactive proenzyme)

• Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin (an active proteolytic enzyme) by HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

things absorbed in stomach

A

alcohol, ibuprofen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chemical digestion in stomach

A

digestion of carbohydrates (by salivary amylase) and lipids (by lingual lipase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

As stomach contents become more fluid,

A

• pH approaches 2.0
• digestion of proteins by pepsin increases
– Nutrients are not absorbed in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

exocrine cells

A

– Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice into small intestine
• About 1000 mL per day
• Contains digestive enzymes, water, and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pancreatic enzymes

A

– Pancreatic alpha-amylase - starch
– Pancreatic lipase -
– Nucleases - dna
– Proteolytic enzymes - proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

liver secretes bile

A

(gall bladder)
• Into a network of narrow channels (bile canaliculi)
– Right and left hepatic ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

– Liver has over 200 functions in three categories

A
  • Metabolic regulation
  • Hematological regulation
  • Bile production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

liver cells

A
  • removes nutrients or toxins from blood

- removes and stores excess nutrients (C loading)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Regulatory activities of liver affect

A 
– Carbohydrate metabolism
– Lipid metabolism
– Amino acid metabolism
– Waste removal
– Vitamin storage
– Mineral storage
– Drug inactivation
30
Q

Liver receives about ?? of cardiac output

A

25%

– Largest blood reservoir in body

31
Q

Hematological regulation by liver involves

A

removal of antibodies

removal or storage of toxins

32
Q

bile salts

A

break lipid droplets apart

33
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

Cycling of bile salts between liver and small intestine

34
Q

Duodenum

A

– Segment of small intestine closest to stomach

– “Mixing bowl” that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver

35
Q

Jejunum

A

– Middle segment of small intestine

– Site of most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

36
Q

ileum

A

– Final segment of small intestine
• Sphincter that controls flow of material from ileum
into cecum of large intestine

37
Q

lacteal

A

Transports chylomicrons that are too large to enter blood capillaries

38
Q

Intestinal glands (intestinal crypts)

A
  • Stem cells produce new epithelial cells
  • Paneth cells at base function in innate immunity
  • Contain enteroendocrine cells
39
Q

intestinal juice

A

1.8 L every day
• Moistens chyme
• Assists in buffering acids
• Keeps digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution

40
Q

Neural mechanisms involving CNS

A

– Prepare digestive tract for activity (parasympathetic)
– Inhibit gastrointestinal activity (sympathetic)
– Coordinate movement of materials along digestive tract
• Through reflexes
– Motor neuron synapses in digestive tract release neurotransmitters

41
Q

gastrin

A
  • Secreted by G cells in duodenum

- Promotes increased stomach motility, acids and enzymes

42
Q

secretin

A
  • Released when chyme arrives in duodenum
    – Increases secretion of buffers by pancreas and bile by liver
    – Reduces gastric motility and secretory rates
43
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

– Secreted when chyme arrives in duodenum

– Accelerates pancreatic production and secretion of digestive enzymes

44
Q

cecum

A

– Expanded pouch

– Receives and stores materials arriving from ileum appendix

45
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

– Smooth muscle cells

– Not under voluntary control

46
Q

external anal sphincter

A

– Skeletal muscle fibers

– Under voluntary control

47
Q

large intestine

A

– Lacks villi
– Mucus provides lubrication for fecal material
– Large lymphoid nodules present

48
Q

Functions of large intestine

– Absorption or reabsorption of:

A
  • Water
  • Nutrients (less than 10 percent)
  • Bile salts
  • Organic wastes
  • Vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria
49
Q

microbiome

A

– Microbes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) that live in and on human body
• Including stuff in large intestine

50
Q

vitamins

A
  • cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism

– Normal bacteria in colon make three vitamins

51
Q

Vitamins produced by bacteria in colon

A

– Vitamin K (fat soluble)
• Required by liver for producing four clotting factors
– Biotin (water soluble)
• Imp in glucose metabolism
– Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid; water soluble)
• steroid hormones

52
Q

Bacteria convert

A

bilirubin to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens

• Some urobilinogens are absorbed into bloodstream and excreted in urine

53
Q

Urobilinogens and stercobilinogens remaining in

colon are converted

A

to urobilins and stercobilins

– By exposure to oxygen

54
Q

– Bacteria break down

A

peptides in feces and generate
• Ammonia, as soluble ammonium ions
• Indole
• H2S

55
Q

Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates

A

Produce flatus (intestinal gas) in large intestine

56
Q

a balanced diet contains

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
57
Q

digestive enzymes

A

• breakdown of Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids called hydroysis

58
Q

Digestive enzymes

– Secreted by

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Tongue
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
59
Q

maltase

A

splits bonds between maltose

60
Q

sucrase

A

breaks apart sucrose

61
Q

lactase

A

hydrolyzes lactose

– Insufficient lactase leads to lactose intolerance

62
Q

Absorption of monosaccharides

A

– Via facilitated diffusion and cotransport, which differ in

• ATP requirement

63
Q

pancreas makes its own

A

amylase

64
Q

lipid digestion

A

• Interact with bile salts to form micelles (lipid–bile
salt complexes)
• Join with steroids, phospholipids, vitamins, and
proteins to form chylomicrons (big)

65
Q

protein digestion and absorption

A

– Complex and time consuming

– Involves mechanical digestion, hydrochloric acid, and proteases

66
Q

Dipeptidases in epithelial surfaces of small intestine

A

Break short peptide chains into individual amino acids

67
Q

Nucleic acid digestion and absorption

A

– Nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides
– digest nucleotides into sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
• Absorbed by active transport

68
Q

water absorption

A

– Cells cannot actively absorb/secrete water

–involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients

69
Q

calcium ion absorption

A
  • Involves active transport at epithelial surface

* Rate is increased by calcitriol

70
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins B and C

71
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions