Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 1

Stimulus that elicits a particular response without prior training.

Question 2

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 2

A response that occurs to a stimulus without prior training.

Question 3

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 3

A stimulus that does not elicit a particular response.

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

A stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of classical conditioning.

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

The response that is eventually elicited by the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which was initially followed by food. Pavlov called this form of learning __________ conditioning.

Answer 6

Classical conditioning

Question 7

In classical conditioning, any stimulus that provokes an automatic or reflexive reaction in an individual is an __________ stimulus, or US.

Answer 7

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

The particular response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ response, or UR.

Answer 8

Unconditioned response

Question 9

If the US is repeatedly presented following a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus alone will become sufficient to elicit the response and is now called the __________ stimulus, or CS.

Answer 9

Conditioned stimulus

Question 10

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus is the __________ response, or CR.

Answer 10

Conditioned response

Question 11

In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell is the CS, the meat is the US, the response to the meat is the UR, and the response to the bell after conditioning is the __________.

Answer 11

Conditioned response

Question 12

Watson and Rayner (1920) taught Little Albert to fear a white rat by pairing the rat with a loud, unpleasant noise. The loud noise in this study was the __________, or unconditional stimulus.

Answer 12

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented by itself, after a while the conditioned response declines until it is non-existent, in a process called__________.

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

If the subject is given a rest during extinction, the CR will occur again briefly due to __________ recovery.

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

The subject learns to respond only to a particular stimulus that is paired with the US in stimulus __________.

Answer 15

Discrimination

Question 16

When an individual experiences stomach distress after having eaten something, conditioned taste __________, or CTA, to the thing eaten is said to have occurred.

Answer 16

conditioned taste aversion

Question 17

John Garcia gave rats sweetened water and then produced gastrointestinal distress by exposing them to radiation. A few days later, the rats refused to drink sweetened water. The X ray (US) that caused the stomach distress (UR) had been associated with the sweetened water (CS), so the water became associated with illness (__________).

Answer 17

Conditioned response