{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Brainscape", "url": "https://www.brainscape.com/", "logo": "https://www.brainscape.com/pks/images/cms/public-views/shared/Brainscape-logo-c4e172b280b4616f7fda.svg", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/Brainscape", "https://x.com/brainscape", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/brainscape", "https://www.instagram.com/brainscape/", "https://www.tiktok.com/@brainscapeu", "https://www.pinterest.com/brainscape/", "https://www.youtube.com/@BrainscapeNY" ], "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "(929) 334-4005", "contactType": "customer service", "availableLanguage": ["English"] }, "founder": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrew Cohen" }, "description": "Brainscape’s spaced repetition system is proven to DOUBLE learning results! Find, make, and study flashcards online or in our mobile app. Serious learners only.", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "streetAddress": "159 W 25th St, Ste 517", "addressLocality": "New York", "addressRegion": "NY", "postalCode": "10001", "addressCountry": "USA" } }

8.8 Renal Tumours & Prostate Cancer Flashcards

(12 cards)

1
Q

3 most common benign renal tumours

A

1. Oncocytoma
- benign variant of renal cell ca
- indistinguishable on imaging

Adenoma
- precursor to RCC

Angiomyolipoma (AML)
- hamartoma containing fat, muscle and blood vessels
- associated with tuberous sclerosis
- can rupture if enlarges (preg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Etiology of RCC (renal cell ca)

A
  • hypertension
  • obesity
  • acquired renal cystic disease
  • von-hippel-lindua disease - familial syn (autosomal dominant)
  • renal adenoma
  • smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RCC pathology

A
  • arises form proximal tubular epithelium

Primary types
- clear cell
- papillary (type 1&2)
- chromophobe
- collecting duct
- sarcomatoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RCC spread of cancer

A

Local spread
- anatomical planes
- perinephric fat & fascia
- adrenal gland
- posterior abdominal wall
- can form tumour thrombus along veins: renal vein -> IVC -> Right atrium
- surrounding organs (rare)

Lymphatic spread
- hilar
- para-aortic
- mediastinal
- supraclaviclar

Haematgenous
- lungs
- liver
- bone
- brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unique pathological features of RCC

A
  • thrombus forming tumour
  • can get very big before metastasising
  • produce toxins & hormones (para-neoplastic syn)
  • can metastasise to unorthodox sites (vagina, bladder, parotid glands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mortality : incidence ratio of prostate cancer in Africa

A

71%
7 out of 10 men diagnosed will die
- we diagnose it too late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer

A

Age
- ⬆️ age (>70) : ⬆️ incidence

Black ethnicity
- earlier onset
- increase incidence
- more aggressive

Family history
- first degree relative (male/female)
- prostate, breast, cervix (BRCA 2 gene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Natural progression of prostate cancer

A

1. Early-stage
- 5 year survival rate for Stage 1&@ men is 90%
- 10 year survival rate >65%

2. Advanced tumours
- have already spread (lymph / blood)
- controlled by ADT (androgen deprivation therapy) {testosterone stim tumour growth and ADT stops testosterone}
- limit or relive sec sym
- prolong rime to clinical prgress

3. Resistant tumours
- hormonal - and castration resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prostate cancer pathology

A
  • adenoca
  • Starts: peripheral zone (malignant)
  • slow growing
  • Benign prostate cancer more from transitional zone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Grading for prostate cancer
Gleason criteria

A

looks at gland (architecture and differentiation)

  1. Small, uniform glands
  2. More stroma between glands
  3. Distinctly infiltrative margins
  4. Irregular masses of neoplastic glands
  5. Only occasional gland formation
  • two scores given (sum of theses scores)

predominant primary pattern + second most predominant pattern (secondary)

The lower the better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spreading pattern of prostate cancer

A
  • local (urethra, bladder neck, trigone, sv, urethral orifice)
  • lymphatic (iliacs -> para-aortic)
  • hematogenous (bone & lungs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PSA (Prostate specific antigen)

A
  • in lumens of prostatic glands
  • disruption of barriers between gland lumens and capillaries cause serum PSA levels to rise
  • half life in circulation is ± 3.2 days
  • PSA in serum = prostatic disease (not cancer specifically)

Factors influencing PSA
- medication
- catheterization (⬇️)
- ejaculation
- acute prostatitis
- subclinical or chronic prostatitis
- urinary retention
- needle biopsies of prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly