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Haematology > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in the embryo?

A

Yoke Sac- 0-10w
Liver- 6- birth (main)
Spleen- Week 12+
Marrow- Week 16+

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2
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in the neonate?

A

Bone marrow- Found in most bone cavities

Liver and spleen if needed

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3
Q

Between birth and maturity where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

Number of actives sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopoiesis

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4
Q

In the adult where does haematopoiesis occur?

A 
Axial skeleton bone marrow
  Skull
  Ribs
  Sternum
  Pelvis
  Femoral head
Liver and spleen
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5
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red

Yellow

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6
Q

Describe red bone marrow

A

Haemopoietically active

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7
Q

Describe yellow bone marrow

A

Fatty inactive.

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8
Q

How does yellow bone marrow levels vary with age?

A

Increases with age

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9
Q

What are the three main components of the bone marrow?

A

Cellular
Connective tissue matrix
Vasculature

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10
Q

What are the cellular components of bone marrow?

A

Haemopoietic cells

Non-haemopoietic cells- Adipocytes, osteocytes

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11
Q

What is special about the vasculature of the bone marrow?

A

Large venous sinuses with discontinuous basement membranes.

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12
Q

Why are there fenestrations in the bone marrow vasculature?

A

Allow new blood cells to exit the marrow

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13
Q

Where can a bone marrow biopsy be taken in an adult?

A

Iliac crest

Sternum

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14
Q

Where can a bone marrow biopsy be taken in a child?

A

Tibia

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15
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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16
Q

What can be measured to measure haematopoisis?

A

Haemopoietic progenitor/stem cell

Mature cells

17
Q

How do you measure Haemopoietic progenitor/stem cell?

A

Bone marrow sample and immunophenotyping

18
Q

Why must Haemopoietic progenitor/stem cell be immunophenotyped?

A

Because they’re morphologically identical

19
Q

How do you measure mature cells?

A

Blood count

Blood film

20
Q

Describe microenviroment regulation of haematopoiesis

A

Haempoietic stem cells occupy a ‘niche’ (anatomical site) that provides signals for expansion, differentiation or dormancy

21
Q

How common are Haematopoetic stem cells?

A

Uncommon

22
Q

Describe Haematopoetic stem cells

A

Morphologically similar

Able to self renew which is lost in later cells

23
Q

What do haematopietic stem cells progress into?

A

Multipotent progenitor

24
Q

How common are Multipotent progenitor?

A

Uncommon

25
Q

Describe Multipotent progenitor

A

Undifferentiated but cannot revert to stem cells.

Morphologically similar.

26
Q

What do Multipotent progenitor progress to?

A

Oligolinegal progenitors

27
Q

How common are Oligolinegal progenitors?

A

Uncommon

28
Q

Describe Oligolinegal progenitors

A

1st stage of differentiation.
Morphologically similar.
Sets off down myeloid or lymphoid route

29
Q

What is the first stage of differentiation between myeloid and lymphoid?

A

Oligolinegal progenitors

30
Q

What do Oligolinegal progenitors differentiate into?

A

Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast

31
Q

What do Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast progress into?

A

Normoblast/erythroblast

32
Q

What is a ‘blast’?

A

Nucleated blood cell progenitor

33
Q

What do normolasts progress into?

A

Mature cells (reticulocytes etc)

34
Q

What different types of normoblast are there and what do they progress into?

A

Megakaryocytes- Platelets
Reticulocytes- RBC
Myelocytes- Neutrophils

35
Q

What do reticulocytes progress to?

A

RBC

36
Q

What do megakaryocyes progress to?

A

Platelets

37
Q

What do myelocytes progress to?

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

What is the Myeloid:Erythroid ratio?

A

Ratio of neutrophis and precursors to erythroblasts/reticulocytes (normally 1.5-3.3:1)

39
Q

What is the normal Myeloid:Erythroid ratio?

A

1.5-3.3:1

Haematology (12 decks)

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