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P.E Physiology > 1.5 Energy Systems > Flashcards

1.5 Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate.

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2
Q

In what form are carbohydrates stored in the body?

A

Carbs are stored as glycogen.

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3
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

A

In the liver and the muscles.

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4
Q

What is the role of glycogen during exercise?

A

It is converted into glucose during exercise.

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5
Q

How are fats stored in the body?

A

As triglycerides.

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6
Q

What is the function of triglycerides during exercise?

A

They are converted into free fatty acids when required.

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7
Q

When is protein used as energy?

A

When glycogen stores are running extremely low.

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8
Q

What is ATP?

A

The usable form of energy in the body.

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9
Q

What does an ATP molecule consist of?

A

An ATP molecule consists of adenine and 3 phosphate molecules.

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10
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

By breaking down the bonds that hold this compound together.

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11
Q

What is used to breakdown ATP?

A

The enzyme ATP-ase.

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12
Q

What is the role of ATP-ase?

A

To breakdown ATP into ADP + Pi.

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13
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Di-Phosphate, one adenine molecule and two phosphate ions.

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14
Q

What type of reaction is the breakdown of ATP?

A

An exothermic reaction, because energy is being released.

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15
Q

What is the reaction for the breakdown of ATP?

A

ATP -> ADP + Pi

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16
Q

What are the three systems used to regenerate ATP?

A
  • The ATP-PC system.
  • The aerobic system.
  • The lactate anaerobic system.
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17
Q

How quickly is ATP used up in the muscles?

A

Very quickly, within 2-3 seconds.

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18
Q

What is PC?

A

Phosphocreatine, a chemical produced naturally by the body and used to regenerate ATP in the first 10 seconds of intense exercise.

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19
Q

Where is PC found?

A

Phosphocreatine is found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles.

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20
Q

What are the advantages of the ATP-PC system?

A
  • ATP can be regenerated rapidly.
  • PC stores are replenished within 3 minutes.
  • No fatiguing by-products.
  • Can be extended through supplementation of creatine.
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system?

A
  • Limited supply of PC in the body.
  • 1 ATP molecule regenerated for 1 molecule of PC.
  • Regeneration can only take place in the presence of oxygen.
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22
Q

An exercise like standing long-jump would use energy from ………………………..?

A

Stored ATP.

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23
Q

How long will the supply of ATP in the muscles last for?

A

2-3 seconds.

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24
Q

What type of reaction occurs to re-synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi?

A

An endothermic reaction, it requires energy.

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25
Q

What is the equation for the re-synthesis of ATP.

A

ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP.

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26
Q

Where is the energy sourced form for the re-synthesis of ATP?

A

Food fuels.

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27
Q

In the ATP-PC system, how is ATP resynthesised?

A

Through Phosphocreatine (PC).

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28
Q

What compound is stored in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cells?

A

Phosphocreatine (PC).

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29
Q

What reaction/s take place for the ATP-PC system to re-synthesise ATP?

A

PC -> Pi + C + energy, then,

energy + ADP + Pi -> ATP.

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30
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the ATP-PC system?

A

This is called a coupled reaction as two reactions occur at the same time.

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31
Q

What enzyme facilitates the coupled reactions in the ATP-PC system?

A

Creatine kinase.

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32
Q

What is the net reaction for the ATP-PC system?

A

PC + ADP -> ATP + C.

33
Q

How and where is PC recreated?

A

PC is recreated in the muscle cells during the recovery process.

34
Q

What type of reaction is the recovery process to recreate PC?

A

An endothermic reaction as it requires energy.

35
Q

For what type of activity is the ATP-PC system used?

A

High intensity maximal work lasting between 3 and 10 seconds.

36
Q

Which energy system would be used in a 100 metre sprint?

A

Dominated by the ATP-PC system.

37
Q

How can the efficiency of the ATP-PC system be increased?

A

Through Phosphocreatine supplementation.

38
Q

Is the ATP-PC system aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic, there is no oxygen needed.

39
Q

When is peak anaerobic power attained?

A

Within the first 5-seconds of flat-out exercise.

40
Q

How long does it take to deplete PC stores?

A

Between 7 and 9 seconds.

41
Q

What are the long-term adaptations to an anaerobic training programme?

A
  • Increases in stores of ATP and PC.
  • Increased amounts of anaerobic enzymes such as creatine kinase.
  • Results in more energy available more rapidly.
42
Q

At what point is the ATP-PC system exhausted?

A

Around 12 seconds as both the muscular ATP and the ATP-PC system are exhausted.

43
Q

The lactate anaerobic system depends on a chemical process, what is this process called?

A

Glycolysis

44
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis is the breakdown of sugar.

45
Q

How and where is carbohydrate stored?

A

As glycogen in the liver and muscles.

46
Q

The breakdown of glycogen provides energy to re-synthesise ATP from ADP. What enzymes catalyse the breakdown of glycogen?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase (GPP) and phosphofructokinase (PFK).

47
Q

What do the enzymes GPP and PFK catalyse?

A

GPP and PFK catalyse the breakdown of glycogen.

48
Q

In the lactate anaerobic system where does the breakdown of glycogen occur?

A

In the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell.

49
Q

What is the end product of the lactate anaerobic system?

A

Lactic Acid.

50
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the conversion from pyruvic acid to lactic acid?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

51
Q

In the lactate anaerobic system, glucose is broken down, what are the products of glucose when it is broken down?

A

6 Phosphates (2ATP) and pyruvic acid.

52
Q

What is the main enzyme responsible for the break down of glucose?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK).

53
Q

What triggers the break down of glucose?

A

Low levels of phosphocreatine activate the breakdown of glucose molecules.

54
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen?

A

It is converted into lactic acid.

55
Q

Using the lactate anaerobic system, as work intensity increases lactic acid accumulates, what does this cause?

A

Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue and pain as the low pH inhibits enzyme and cross bridge formation.

56
Q

What energy system would be dominant in a 400 metre run?

A

The lactate anaerobic system.

57
Q

What energy system would be dominant in a 100 metre swim?

A

The lactate anaerobic system.

58
Q

When would the lactate anaerobic system be utilised for exercise?

A

Duration up to 30 - 60 seconds.

59
Q

Extra oxygen taken in after exercise removes lactic acid, how does it do this?

A

Lactic acid is converted into pyruvic acid.

60
Q

What is the OBLA?

A

Onset of blood lactate accumulation, the point at which blood lactate becomes extensive enough to suppress performance.

61
Q

When lactic acid builds too high performance must stop, what is this called?

A

OBLA (Onset of blood lactate accumulation)

62
Q

OBLA is dependant on individual fitness, what range does it lie between?

A

2 and 4 mmol l^-1

63
Q

What are the three stages involved in the aerobic system?

A

1) Glycolysis;
2) Kreb’s Cycle (citric acid cycle);
3) Electron Transport Chain.

64
Q

In which system is OBLA produced?

A

The lactate anaerobic system.

65
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the sarcoplasm of the muscle cells.

66
Q

In both the aerobic and lactate anaerobic systems what is the ATP ratio?

A

There is 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

67
Q

Which stage of the aerobic system occurs in the presence of oxygen?

A

The Kreb’s cycle and the Electron transport chain.

68
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

In the matrix (fluid) of the mitochondria.

69
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

In the cristae of the mitochondria.

70
Q

What is formed in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Citric acid (6 carbons) aswell as H^+,electron pairs, CO2 and 2ATP.

71
Q

What is used in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid combine with oxaloaceticacid and acetyl coA.

72
Q

What products from the Kreb’s cycle are used in the electron transport chain?

A

H^+ and electron pairs.

73
Q

How does the electron transport chain work?

A

The H^+ and electron pairs have potential energy, this is released in a controlled manner. Oxygen combines with the final H^+ ions to produce water and 32 ATP.

74
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

The metabolism of fats aswell as carbs to produce ATP.

75
Q

Which system does Beta Oxidation occur in?

A

The aerobic system.

76
Q

Explain the steps involved in beta oxidation:

A

Triglycerides -> Glycerol and fatty acids -> Acetyl CoA -> Kreb’s cycle.

77
Q

What are the advantages of the lactate anaerobic system?

A
  • ATP can be regenerated quickly due to few chemical reactions needed.
  • With Oxygen present, lactic acid is converted back into glycogen.
  • Produces an extra burst of energy.
78
Q

What are the disadvantages of the lactate anaerobic system?

A
  • Lactic acid is a by-product.

- Only releases a small amount of energy from glycogen in anaerobic conditions.

P.E Physiology (6 decks)

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