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Semester 4: Nutrition and Metabolism > Anatomy Topic 4 Case 9 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 4 Case 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the general structure of the thyroid gland

A
  • Two lateral lobes (covering anterolateral surfaces of trachea, cricoid and lower part of thyroid cartilage)
  • Isthmus that connects the lateral lobes
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2
Q

The isthmus crosses which tracheal cartilages?

A
  • Second and third
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3
Q

Which compartment of the neck is the thyroid gland located in?

A
  • Visceral compartment of neck

- Deep to the infrahyoid muscles

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4
Q

Outline the histological origin of the thyroid gland

A
  • Arises from median outgrowth from floor of pharynx
  • Foramen cecum of the tongue is site of origin
  • Thyroglossal duct marks the path of migration of thethyroid glandto its final adult location
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5
Q

The superior thyroid artery is a branch of which artery?

A
  • First branch of external carotid artery
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6
Q

Outline the course of the superior thyroid artery

A
  • Passes along lateral margin of thyrohyoid muscle
  • Reaches superior part of lateral lobe on each side
  • Where it divides into anterior and posterior glandular branches
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7
Q

The inferrio thyroid artery is a branch of which artery?

A
  • Thyrocervical trunk

- Which arises from the subclavian artery

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8
Q

Outline the course of the inferior thyroid artery

A
  • Ascends along medial edge of anterior scalenes
  • Passes posteriorly to the carotid sheath
  • Reaches the inferior pole of the lateral lobe of thethyroid gland
  • Divides into inferior and ascending branches
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9
Q

What does the ascending branch of the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A
  • Parathyroid glands
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10
Q

What is the thyroid ima artery?

A
  • An inconsistent artery
  • Which arises form brachiocephalic trunk or aortic arch
  • Which ascends on anterior surface of trachea to supply thyroid gland
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11
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the thyroid

A
  • Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins
  • Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into internal jugular vein
  • Inferior thyroid veins drain into brachiocephalic veins
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12
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid

A
  • Paratracheal nodes beside trachea

- Deep cervical nodes inferior to omohyoid

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13
Q

Outline the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A
  • Branches from vagus nerve
  • Loops around subclavian artery
  • Ascend in a groove between trachea and oesophagus
  • Enters larynx by passing deep to lower margin of inferior constrictor muscle
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14
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A
  • 4

- Superior and inferior pair

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15
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A
  • Deep surface of lateral lobes of thyroid gland
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16
Q

Which pharyngeal pouches are the parathyroid glands derived from?

A
  • Inferior: Third

- Superior: Fourth

17
Q

Which triangle of the neck are the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands located?

A
  • Muscular triangle
18
Q

Identify the three histological layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
19
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids

- Principally aldosterone

20
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A
  • Glucocorticoids

- Principally cortisol

21
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A
  • Sex hormones
22
Q

Which is the thickest layer of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona fasciculata
23
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex has cells arranged in clusters separated by trabeculae?

A
  • Zone glomerulosa
24
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex has cells arranged in branching cords and clusters?

A
  • Zone reticularis
25
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex has cells arranged in narrow columns and cords

A
  • Zone fasciculata
26
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex has a pale staining cytoplasm and why?

A
  • Zona fasciculata

- Large numbers of lipid droplets are present

27
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A
  • Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

-

28
Q

Why are secretory cells of the adrenal medulla sometimes called chromaffin cells?

A
  • The secretory granules are oxidised to a brown colour
29
Q

Secretion of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla is controlled by what?

A
  • Preganglionic neurones of the sympathetic nervous system
30
Q

What controls aldosterone secretion from the zona glomerulosa?

A
  • Renin-angiotensin system

- Which in turn is controlled by the macula densa of the distal renal tubule

31
Q

What controls cortisol secretion from the zona reticularis?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Via the anterior pituitary trophic hormone ACTH
  • From stimuli including stress

Semester 4: Nutrition and Metabolism (17 decks)

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