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Pathophysiology > Final/Last exam > Flashcards

Final/Last exam Flashcards

1
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of vaginal wall

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2
Q

BV

A

Shift from normal flora. Gray white discharge, malodorous

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3
Q

Fungal

A

Yeast infection, cadida albicans, itching white and thick discharge

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4
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

STI (non symptomatic in men)
Protozoan parasite
Green/yellow frothy discharge

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5
Q

Vaginitis symptoms

A

Change in color/odor/ discharge
pain during intercourse
painful urination
light spoting

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6
Q

PID

A

Acute inflammation due to infection. can involve any URT organs

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7
Q

Salpingitis

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes

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8
Q

Oophoritis

A

Inflammation of the ovaries

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9
Q

Risk factors of PID

A

<25, multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, douching

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10
Q

Symptoms of PID

A

Can be asymptomatic

Abdominal pain, cervical motion tenderness, adnexal pain, fever, pain/difficult urination, changes in discharge

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11
Q

Bartholin Cyst (Bartholintis)

A

Inflammation of one or both Bartholin gland ducts it is an accumulation of fluid due to injury or bacteria
managed by warm bath and NSAIDs

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12
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse

A

Muscular and fascia tissue loses tone and strength and organs that are found on pelvic floor desend

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13
Q

Clinical manifestation of prolapse

A

Sitting on a ball, backache , heaviness that worsens with standing , dysuria, etc treated with keigels

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14
Q

Follicular cysts

A

Benign ovarian cysts/functional cysts. LH fails to stimulate egg release or follicle never transforms and becomes fluid filled

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15
Q

Normal follical development

A

Normal: Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates oocyte (egg) release from follicle ->follicle transforms into corpus luteum->CL transforms into corpus albicans if no fertilization-> shrinks and goes away

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16
Q

What seperates the upper GI tract

A

Ligament of Trietz comes in a 1/3 of way down duodenum

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17
Q

Hematemesis

A

In the upper GI, if vomit is frank blood then there is an active bleed, if there are coffee grounds it was mixed with gastrin

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18
Q

Melena

A

Can be a bleed of upper and lower GI track stool is black or maroon and tary

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19
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright red blood per rectum can be lower GI or a massive upper GI

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20
Q

Occult

A

typically asymptomatic

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21
Q

Mallory weiss tear

A

Linear lacerations at gastro esophageal junction that is caused by prolonged vomiting
S/S Hematemesis, ab pain, melena, retching
80-90 resolve on their own

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22
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Dilated submucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus (varicose veins in esophagus)
Liver disease/portal hypertension (pressure from liver backs up into GI vasulature)
S/S asymptomatic massive hematemesis when varices are ruptured

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23
Q

Diverticula

A

Small pouches formed of weakened lower intestingal wall
Risk 40+, smoking obesity, diet
S/S” LLQ pain, fever, tenderness, constipation diabetes, diarrhea

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24
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Varices of the veins in the anus and rectum
Common in preg, obesity low fat diet,
BRB for bleeding

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25
Q

Esophageal obsturction dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

Strop

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26
Q

Intrinsic blockage

A

Anything that is causing blockage from inside body– tumor, scar, GERD etc

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27
Q

Extrinsic Blockage

A

Foreign body obstruction

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28
Q

Symptoms

A

Retrosternal pain (breast bone), regurgitation of undigested food, weight loss, vomiting

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29
Q

Upper Esophageal Obstruction occurs

A

2-4 seconds after swallowing

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30
Q

Lower esophageal obstruction

A

Discomfort occuring 10-15 seconds after swallowing

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31
Q

Achalasia

A

Cardiac sphincter it doesnt open and allow food into the stomach and sits in esophages

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32
Q

Dysphagia complications

A

Aspiration pneumonia, malnutrtion, dehydration, choking

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33
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

S/S Difficulty & pain with swallowing, choking on food, hoarseness, coughing
endoscopy is diagnostic tool

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34
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma for esophageal cancer

A

upper 2/3s of esophagus in the epithelial lining

Risk: male over 50, betel nuts, hot drinks, etc

S/S: asymptomatic until advanced, dysphagia is 1st symptom, weight loss, hoarseness
Poor prognosis

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35
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

A

lower 1/3 of esophagus glandular cells transform into intestinal cells

Gerd-> Barretts esophagus–> cancer

HB, indigestion, dysphagia etc

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36
Q

ileus

A

stop moving bowels (post op, drugs, etc)

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37
Q

Herniation

A

Weakened part of abdominal cavity

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38
Q

Adhesion

A

Scar tissue that forms between two loops of bowl

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39
Q

Intussusception

A

Telescoping of the bowel, bowel slips into itself and obstructs.

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40
Q

Intussusception

A

Telescoping of the bowel, bowel slips into itself and obstructs.

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41
Q

Vomitus

A

Can indicate the location of obstruction

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42
Q

Pyloris

A

Early, profuse vomiting of clear gastic fluid

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43
Q

proximate Small intestine

A

Mild distention, bile stained fluid

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44
Q

Lower in small intesting

A

More pronounced distention , vomitting may not occue or occur later and have fecal material

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45
Q

PUD

A

Chronic mucosal ulceration in stomach or duodenum

Imbalance between mucosal defense systems and damaging forces of gastric acid and pepsin,

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46
Q

PUD causes

A

NSAIDS, H. Pylor infection, cancer of stomach, Crohns disease, stress, burns, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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47
Q

Gastric vs Duodenal Ulcers
Pain
Weight
Male/Female

A

G pain is worse after eating D: relieved with eating (2-5 hours pain starts)

G: weight loss
D:weight gain

G: Women
D: Men

48
Q

Hemorrhage

A

BV damage as ulcer erodes into the muscle of stomach or duodenal wall

49
Q

Perforation

A

Ulcer erodes completely through the wall, peritonitis

50
Q

GI accessory organs

A

Salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

51
Q

main GI organs

A 
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine 
Large Intestine
 Rectum 
 Anus
52
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing swallowing

53
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Salivary amylase

inactivated by gastric acid, it breaks down carbs from poly to disaccharides

54
Q

Esophagus –upper esophageal sphincter

A

voluntary control, prevents food from entering trachea

55
Q

Esophagus –lower esophageal sphincter aka cardiac sphincter

A

Prevents stomach acid contents from refluxing into esophagus

56
Q

4 parts of the stomach

A

Fundus
cardia
corpus/body
pylorus

57
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

regulates gastric emptying into the duodenum

58
Q

Capacity of the stomach

A

1.5 L

59
Q

Functions of stomach

A

storage, mixing emptying

60
Q

Secretory

A

exocrine: gastric acid, mucus intrinsic factor, pepsinogen
endocrine: gastrin

digests proteins/lipids and absorption of water and ions

61
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Secreted by cheif cells

converted to pepsin my gastric acid and breaks down proteins

62
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

secreted by parietal cells

glycoprotein that is necessary to absorb vitamin B

63
Q

Gastric acid

A

produced by autonotmuc NS

and hormones largely contains HCL

64
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates release of gastric acid (juice) aids in gastric motility.
induces pancreatic secretions and gallbladder emptying.

65
Q

Small intestine

A

primary role is to absorb nutrients and minerals

66
Q

Small intestine

A

primary role is to absorb nutrients and minerals

67
Q

Parts of the small intesting

A

duodenum

68
Q

Duodenum

A

ampulla of vater opens to it to supply exocrine enzymes from pancreas,
common bile duct supplys bile from gallbladder and liver

69
Q

what does duodenum do

A
  • Chemical breakdown of chyme by enzymes • Regulation of stomach emptying
  • Mucus secretion
70
Q

Jejunum

A

absorption of sugars, amino acid, fatty acids

71
Q

Ileium

A

Absorption of nutrient left from jejunum
Absorption of B12 and bile salts
Connects to the cecum of the large intestine

72
Q

Small intestine secretions

A

Mucus, aminopeptidase, enterokinase, amylase

73
Q

Purpose of large intestines

A

Is approx. 5 ft. long
Reabsorb water and minerals
Formation and store feces Maintain microbiome Bacterial fermentation
Bacterial synthesis of Vitamin K

74
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ, RUQ, two lobes ducts of each join with the cystic duct =common bile duct

75
Q

Functions of liver

A

Produces bile, immunity, clotting, protein production, detox, metabolizes nutrients

76
Q

Galbladder

A

store and concentrate bile that isnt being used.

Biles main function is to break down fats
contracts to secret bile in response to cholecystokinin

77
Q

Pancreas exocrine function

A 
Secretion of digestive enzymes
• Carbohydrates – pancreatic amylase
• Fats – pancreatic lipase (steapsin)
• Proteins – trypsin
Secretion of bicarbonate
• Neutralizes chime in duodenum • Stimulated by secretin
78
Q

causes of stomach obstructions

A

tumors, inflammation from duodenal ulcer , foreign bodies.

79
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

A

ileus from post operative bowl changes, foreign bodies, mechanical obstruction

80
Q

zollinger ellison syndrome

A

gastrin producing tumor of the pancreas leading to chronic acid production, gastritis and ulcers

81
Q

Sensory neurons:

A

transmit impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS

82
Q

Association neurons

A

transmit impulses between neurons and only exist in CNS

83
Q

How are impulses transmitted across the synapse

A

chemically or electrically

84
Q

EPSPs

A

excited- depolarized post synaptic potentials

85
Q

IPSPs

A

Hyperpolarized inhibitory post synaptic potentials

86
Q

Types of neuroglia

A

Oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal

87
Q

Forebrain includes

A

two cerebral hemispheres, (frontal parietal, temporal, occipital lobes basal ganglia

88
Q

Midbrain

A

Corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles

89
Q

Hind brain

A

cerebellum pons and medulla

90
Q

Forebrain

A

Sulci spaces and Gyri rides
Made up of grey matter which integrates, stores, and transmits info
white matter is made up of myelinated neurons
controls thoughts behaviors memory motor

91
Q

Basal ganglia

A

lay deep inside cortex and are responsible for control of voluntary movements, cognitive and emotional functions

92
Q

Thalamus, hypothalamus

A

control many functions including hormone synthesis, temperature regulation

93
Q

Midbrain

A

connects forebrain and hindbrain
involved in controlling eye movements, makes dopamine
Cerebral aqueduct passes through

94
Q

Pons

A

transmits info from cerebellum to brain stem

95
Q

Medulla

A

controls reflexes such as HR, resp, BP, sneezing coughing, swallowing etc

96
Q

Reticular activating system

A

essential for wakefulness and attention, control vital functions

97
Q

Spaces

A

need to review

98
Q

Epidural

A

b/w dura and skull

99
Q

subdural

A

b/w dura and arachnoid mater

100
Q

subarachnoid

A

contains csf; located bw arachnoid and pia mater

101
Q

CSF

A

is produced by the choroid plexuses in the lat 3, 4, ventricles
prevents the brain from tugging on the meninges nerves and BV

102
Q

Spinal cord

A

protected by the verterbral column, transmits long motor and sensory impulses that orginate in brain

103
Q

PNS structures

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, PNS have ascending, afferent pathways to carry sensory info to CNS and efferent pathway that goes to organs

104
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

motor and sensory pathways regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

105
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Motor and sensory pathyways that reg the bodies internal environment through the involuntary control of organs

106
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Rotation of the testes the spermatic cord is twisted

107
Q

Prostatis

A

Inflammation of the prostate due to uti or infection, can be cloudy urine, flu like symptoms

108
Q

Balaritis

A

When the skin on the glans penis is inflamed, due to smegma build up or hygiene practices

109
Q

Phimosis

A

When the foreskin of the penis is tight and cannot be retracted over the glans penis. This is normal up to 6 months
infection can happen

110
Q

Paraphimosis

A

the skin is too tight and retracts behind the glans penis

is medical emergency.

111
Q

Urethritis

A

Caused by inflammation of the urethra likely do to infection or STI, mucus discharge/cloudy urine

112
Q

Varacocele

A

When the spermatic cord veins get varicosities and the valves don’t work as well. Can feel like a bag of worms and can cause sterility

113
Q

priaprism

A

an unwanted erection for more than 4 hours

medical emergency

114
Q

Chalymidia

A

Invades/destroys the host cells and causes beefy red mucousa

115
Q

Gonorhea

A

A STI the causes damage as the body fights infection, wbc and dead cells come out as puss.

116
Q

Syphilis

A

Infection that is 4 stages

  1. primary- painless chancres
  2. full body rash and very contagious
  3. latent phase- dormant
  4. Tertiary phase where psychological/neuro issues occur
117
Q

Chancroid

A

Pain full, pull thickness loss of the genital skin can be spread through lymph nodes.

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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