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Medical school year one week one > biology and chemistry of bone > Flashcards

biology and chemistry of bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

Compact, high portportion of bone

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2
Q

what is trabecular/spongy/cancellous bone?

A

Low porportion of bone with more space, made of trabeculae

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3
Q

What is the bone matrix made of?

A

Type 1 collagen, hydroxyapaptite

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4
Q

What is woven bone

A

An immature form with random fibre orientation from rapid growth and repair

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5
Q

What bone is at the epiphysis

A

Cancellous

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6
Q

Where is the epiphysis?

A

The heads of the bone, separated by epiphyseal plates

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7
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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8
Q

What region is between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

A

The metaphysis

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9
Q

What covers bones?

A

Periosteum with osteogenic cells

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10
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Bone formation and synthesis

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11
Q

What do lining cells do?

A

Osteoblasts that have completed osteoblastic activity and can be reactivated

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12
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts entombed in bone matrix, regulates calcium homeostasis

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13
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Cells responsible for resorpsion of bone

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14
Q

how does bone grow

A

By apposition via epiphyseal growth cartilages. Cartilage undergoes interstitial growth and is replaced by bone. Modelled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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15
Q

What pathway mediated bone modelling?

A

RANKL/OPG

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16
Q

What does RANKL promote?

A

Osteoclast activation

17
Q

What does OPG promote

A

Prevention of osteoclast activation

18
Q

What happens in osteoporosis?

A

The bone is broken is absorped by osteoclasts, but less is restored by osteoblasts

19
Q

What is calcium stored in within bone?

A

Hydroxyapaptite

20
Q

Describe the measurements of calcium in blood

A

We measure total calcium, but only ionised calcium is relevant. Calcium adjusted for albumin is a better representation of ionised

21
Q

What 3 things regulate plasma calcium?

A

Binding to proteins/PO4
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D

22
Q

What happens when decreased calcium is detected?

A

PTH synthesis is stimulated, which promotes Ca reabsorption via kidney, osteoclast reabsorption of bone, and drives active vitamin D production in kidney

23
Q

What does OPG do?

A

Binds to RANKL to prevent it binding to RANK receptors on osteoclasts. Reduces bone resorption

24
Q

What are some signs of hypercalcaemia?

A

Nausea, mental disturbances, peptic ulcers, constipation, renal stones/failure, soft tissue calcification

25
Q

What can cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy

26
Q

What is the only treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Surgery

27
Q

What can cause hypocalcaemia

A

Renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency

28
Q

What are some symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

A

Paraesthesia, muscle spasm, involuntary contraction of muscles/tetany

Medical school year one week one (6 decks)

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