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A & P Unit 4 > Lecture Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell & their effects are amplified?

A

Synergism

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2
Q

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration & water overload?

A

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called________.

A

Humoral Stimuli

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4
Q

T or F: Hyperparathyroidism is a rare condition where the bones soften and deform.

A

True

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5
Q

Name the steps in which the body maintains homeostasis when blood glucose levels fall.

A
  1. Stimulus = low blood glucose
  2. Endocrine cells = cells in the pancreas
  3. Hormone = Glucagon
  4. Target cells = liver cells
  5. Response = glycogen breakdown; glucose released into blood
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6
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a major types of stimulus that triggers endocrine glads to manufacture and release hormones?
Hormonal
Neural
Enzymatic
Humoral
A

Enzymatic

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7
Q

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

  • synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
  • conversion of glucose to fat
  • creation of glycogen from glucose
  • breakdown of glycogen into glucose
A

Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

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8
Q

What stimuli causes testosterone production?

A

Hormonal stimulus

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9
Q

What stimulus causes epinephrine production?

A

Neural stimulus

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10
Q

What stimulus causes aldosterone production?

A

Humoral and/or hormonal stimulus

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11
Q

What stimulus causes parathyroid hormone production?

A

Humoral stimulus

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to under-activity of the thyroid gland?

Endemic goiter
Graves’ disease
Cretinism
Myxedema

A

Graves’ Disease

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13
Q

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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14
Q

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

A

Control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Neurohormones from the ventral hypothalamic neurons, known as releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones such as ACTH & TSH

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15
Q

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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16
Q

What hormone is regulated by a neuroendocrine (“letdown”) reflex?

A

Oxytocin

Suckling of infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which caused the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions)

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17
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

Synthesized in hypothalamus
Stored in posterior pituitary

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18
Q

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

A

Negative Feedback

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19
Q

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys?

A

Adrenal

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20
Q

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels dramatic losses in muscles & bone protein, and water and salt retention leading to hypertension and edema?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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21
Q

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because _________.

A

During protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

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22
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

None!

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23
Q

What triggers the release of glucagon?

A

A decrease in blood glucose levels

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24
Q

______ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

A

Permissiveness

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25
Q

Which hormone is the body’s major metabolic hormone?

A

Thyroid hormone

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26
Q

You eat a sugary snack. What happens next?

A
  1. Blood glucose becomes high
  2. Pancreas releases insulin
  3. Insulin binds to receptors on target cells
  4. Cells take in glucose
  5. Blood glucose returns to normal
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27
Q

Which hormone mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

A

Prolactin

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28
Q

Two adrenal glands make hormones that are essential for life. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard & masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ________.

A

Lack of enzymes the adrenal glad needs to make cortisol & aldosterone

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a condition in which the body lacks the essential enzyme the adrenal gland needs; at the same time the body produces more androgen (sex hormone) causing male characteristics to appear early/inapppropriately

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29
Q

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids & that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called______.

A

Hormones

30
Q

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called_______.

A

Tropins

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?

Epinephrine
Aldosterone
Estrogen
Cortisone

A

Epinephrine

32
Q

Name the class of hormones that corresponds with zona glomerulosa.

A

Mineralcorticoids

33
Q

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels?

A

Insuline

34
Q

What is the primary function of hormones?

A

Alter cell activity

By altering plasma membrane permeability, or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes, or regulating molecules, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity or stimulating mitosis

35
Q

Which hormone regulates blood calcium ion levels?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

36
Q

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have _______.

A

increased secretion of ADH

ADH is secreted in response to high blood osmolarity (too high solutes/water) in blood; ADH functions to increase the resorption of water by kidneys, which dilutes the blood

37
Q

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include______.

A

Possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

38
Q

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

A

Heart

39
Q

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ______.

A

Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

40
Q

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called ______.

A

Humoral Stimuli

41
Q

What hormone is part of the rapid response (rather than prolonged) response to stress?

A

Epinephrine

Released from adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

  • Decreased insulin secretion
  • Decreased sweating
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Decreased or difficulty breathing
A

Decreased insulin secretion

Insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels

43
Q

What is a symptom of pheochromocytoma?

A

Heart palpitations

Due to increase in epinephrine; heart rate would increase

44
Q

Which condition has all of the following symptoms:
hypertension
hyperglycemia
“moon face”

A

Cushing’s Disease

Symptoms due to increased levels of cortisol & can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment

45
Q

What hormone also aids in the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

46
Q

What antagonist hormone regulates blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone & calcitonin

47
Q

Which is NOT a property of endocrine glands?

  • have ducts
  • drain vascularly
  • drain lymphatically
  • produce hormones
A

Have ducts

48
Q

T or F: Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

A

False

49
Q

A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose level of 600 mg/dl. On assessment, the nurse observed that his breathing was deep & rapid, his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed, his skin was dry, and his pH was low. What is the diagnosis and what physiological response is occurring?

A

Diabetes mellitus; nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood & increase pH

50
Q

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on_____.

A

The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

51
Q

The amplification of the signal from water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _____.

A

cAMP

52
Q

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to______.

A

Plasma membrane receptors

Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in plasma membrane; vs. steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors

53
Q

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

A

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

54
Q

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

A

Phosphorylate proteins

Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone

55
Q

Cyclic AMP is degraded by____.

A

Phosphodiesterase

56
Q

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ______.

A

Targeting the bone & activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

57
Q

T or F: Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

A

False

58
Q

T or F: Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

A

True

59
Q

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

60
Q

Cushing’s syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on_____.

A

Blood pressure

61
Q

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

A

Hormonal stimuli

62
Q

List the correct steps of cAMP signaling.

A
  1. water soluble hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
63
Q

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ____.

A

Steroid hormones; because both diffuse easily into target cells

64
Q

T or F: Both “turn on” factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and “turn off” factors (feedback inhibition & others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

A

True

65
Q

Which of the following has intracellular receptors?

Epinephrine
Cortisol
Insulin

A

Cortisol

Lipid-soluble steroid; same as thyroid hormones

66
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

Diffuse into nucleus/cytoplasm & move into nucleus where they affect transcription/translation

67
Q

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

A

Acts as a transcription factor & binds to DNA activating the gene

Then mRNA is synthesized

68
Q

Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

A

Thyroid hormone

69
Q

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

A

Chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

Chaperone blocks the DNA binding site until hormone binds at the hormone binding site

70
Q

T or F: Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.

A

True

71
Q

What hormone is essential to our ability to deal with stress?

A

Glucocorticoids

A & P Unit 4 (6 decks)

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