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Science 1 > Biology 1a > Flashcards

Biology 1a Flashcards

0
Q

What two factors can affect your metabolic rate ?

A

Size / muscle mass / exercise

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1
Q

Name 3 different food types needed for a balanced diet

A

Carbohydrates / fats / protein / fibre / calcium / vitamins / mineral ions

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2
Q

Eating too much leads to what ?

A

Obesity

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3
Q

Obesity can lead to what ?

A

Arthritis / type 2 diabetes / high blood pressure / heart disease / cancer

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4
Q

Lack of food leads to what ?

A

Malnourishment

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5
Q

What does a lack of vitamin C lead to ?

A

Scurvy

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6
Q

What does your lifestyle include ?

A

What you eat and do

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7
Q

How does bacteria make you ill ?

A
  1. Damage cells

2. Producing toxins ( poisons )

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8
Q

How does a virus survive ?

A

They invade cells and reproduce inside them and then burst.

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9
Q

Why do you feel ill because of a viral infection ?

A

Cell damage

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10
Q

How does your body defend against invasion ?

A

Hair / mucus / skin / blood clots (platelets) / white blood cells in immune system

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11
Q

Name the 3 ways white blood cells defend against invaders

A
  1. Consume them - white blood cells engulf foreign cells
  2. Producing antibodies - antibodies lock onto antigen and kill the foreign cell
  3. Antitoxins - These counteract invading bacteria
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12
Q

Explain vaccination

A
  1. Small dead or inactive viruses are injected. Body produces antibodies to attack the antigens.
  2. The antibody shape is memorised in memory cells. If you are affected again they can rapidly be produced before you are too ill
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13
Q

Advantages of vaccine include

A

Epidemics prevented / controlled many illnesses in the past ( eg. Polio, tetanus )

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14
Q

Disadvantages of vaccines include

A

They don’t always work / can have bad reactions.

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15
Q

What do antibiotics help ?

A

Bacterial infections

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16
Q

What are the dangers of antibiotics ?

A

The bacteria can mutate to become immune to the antibiotics and therefore not be cured. This will survive and reproduce and won’t be stopped. Can be deadly

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17
Q

What was Semmelweis’ theory ?

A

He was working in a hospital where many babies were dying. He believed this was down to doctors carrying bacteria as their hands weren’t washed. He made the midwifed wash their hands and saw that much less were dying from midwife than doctor. This is why we wash our hands !

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18
Q

What are the five sense organs ?

A

Eyes / ears / nose / tongue / skin

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19
Q

What is a receptor ?

A

They are a group I cells that are sensitive to a specific stimulus (eg. Light )

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20
Q

What does CNS stand for ?

A

Central nervous system

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21
Q

What is a neurone ?

A

Part of the nervous system that transmits information.

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22
Q

What is the route in which an impulse takes ?

A

Sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector muscle

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23
Q

What is a synapse ?

A

The connection between two neurones

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24
Q

How does a synapse work ?

A

Chemicals diffuse and therefore move across the gap. These set of a new electrical impulse in the next neurone.

25
Q

How do reflexes prevent injury ?

A

They produce automatic instant responses to danger that is much quicker than hormones

26
Q

Fully describe the reflex arc

A

Stimulus > receptor > sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector > response

27
Q

What is a hormone ?

A

A chemical messenger which travels in the blood to activate target cells

28
Q

Where is the pituitary gland ? What does it produce ?

A

The brain. FSH and LH

29
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Ovaries produce oestrogen

30
Q

What are the differences between hormones and nerves ?

A

Nerves = fast acting / work for short
time / precise area

Hormones = slower / work for long
time / act in general
area

31
Q

What signifies day one of the menstrual cycle ?

A

When bleeding starts as the uterus lining breaks down

32
Q

What is stage two of the menstrual cycle ?

A

The uterus lining builds up again.

33
Q

Stage three is when the ………

A

Egg is released

34
Q

What is stage four of the menstrual cycle ?

A

The wall is maintained as it waits for an egg to be fertilised. If this doesn’t happen the whole cycle starts again

35
Q

What does FSH do ?

A

Causes an egg to mature in the ovaries. It also stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.

36
Q

What does LH do ?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle.

37
Q

What does oestrogen do ?

A

Causes pituitary gland to produce LH. Inhibits further release of FSH

38
Q

How is oestrogen used as a contraceptive ?

A

Prevents the release of an egg, this so done by keeping low levels of FSH. This stops production and egg development

39
Q

What does the pill contain ?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen.

40
Q

What does progesterone do ?

A

Stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm reaching the egg.

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the pill ?

A

Advantage = 99% effectivity / reduces the risk of getting cancer

Disadvantage = still a chance of pregnancy / side effects / doesn’t protect against STD’s

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF

A
  • Some women have strong reactions
  • Increase risk of cancer
  • multiple births can occur
43
Q

Auxin is a ……..

A

Plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

44
Q

True or false - shoots are positively phototropic and positively geotropic

A

False - positively phototropic and negatively geotropic

45
Q

Roots grow towards gravity. What else do they grow towards ?

A

Moisture

46
Q

How do auxins cause plants to grow ?

A

They are at a higher concentration on the shaded side of the plant, so they grow and therefore bend towards the light

47
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

Homeostasis is when your body tries to keep a constant internal environment.

48
Q

What are ions regulated by ?

A

Kidneys

49
Q

How is water lost from the body ?

A

Sweat / breath / urine

50
Q

What is body temperature controlled by ?

A

The Brain

51
Q

Define a drug

A

A substance that changes your body chemistry

52
Q

What is a medical drug, a recreational drug and a performance enhancing drug ?

A

Medical = a drug that is legal, some however need prescriptions

Recreational = used for fun, leal or illegal

PE = increase performance

53
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of performance enhancing drugs ?

A

Adv. = should be allowed to make own choice / sport is already unfair

Dis. = unfair / serious health risks

54
Q

What’s the three stage of drug testing ?

A
  1. Lab testing - drugs tested on human tissue
  2. Animal testing - this is to test if the drug works, what dosage is necessary and how harmful it may be
  3. If the drug passes these stations it’s tested on volunteers.
55
Q

Why are drugs tested on healthy humans ?

A

To see if it definitely has no health risks and side side affects

56
Q

Why are some given real drugs and some given placebos ?

A

So doctors can see the actual differences

57
Q

What is a placebo

A

A substance that is like the drug however it does nothing, the mind thinks it’s working however it is not

58
Q

Give an example of a drug that went wrong ?

A

Thalidomide

59
Q

How did thalidomide go wrong ?

A

It was intended to be a sleeping pill however it was effective for morning sickness. It hadn’t been tested for morning sickness and as a result it produced birth defects

60
Q

Why do people use recreational drugs ?

A

Fun / curiosity / relaxation / personal life

Science 1 (8 decks)

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