Chapter 12

Question 1

What is a central dogma?

Answer 1

All organisms use the same basic mechanism of reading and expressing genes.

Question 2

What is transcription?

Answer 2

The process copying DNA to make RNA.

Question 3

What is translation?

Answer 3

A cell must translate the information encoded in the DNA into the language of proteins.

Question 4

What is gene expression?

Answer 4

Using information in DNA to direct the production of particular proteins.

Question 5

What is mRNA?

Answer 5

An RNA copy of a gene used in the cell to produce a polypeptide.

Question 6

RNA polymerase is used to produce RNA based on DNA information produced during t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n

Answer 6

Transcription.

Question 7

What is a promoter?

Answer 7

It signals the starting location of transcription on DNA.

Question 8

What are codons?

Answer 8

3 nucleotide units.

Question 9

C _ _ _ _ s are on mRNA.

Answer 9

Codons.

Question 10

Translation occurs in the r _ _ _ _ _ _ e.

Answer 10

Ribosome.

Question 11

tRNA molecules bring a _ _ _ o a _ _ _ s to the ribosome in order to make proteins. They use the anticodon to pair with codons on mRNA.

Answer 11

Amino acids.

Question 12

tRNA has anticodon, anticodon can pair with c _ _ _ _ s on mRNA

Answer 12

Codons.

Question 13

What is the function of a start codon and a stop codon?

Answer 13

A start codon signals the start of a protein. In contrast, a stop codon signals the end of the protein.

Question 14

What is an intron?

Answer 14

The noncoding portion and majority.

Question 15

What is an exon?

Answer 15

The coding portion and minority.

Question 16

What is alternative splicing?

Answer 16

Using different combinations of the same exons to produce different proteins.

Question 17

What is alternative splicing?

Answer 17

Using different combinations of the same exons to produce different proteins.

Question 18

An operon is a segment of DNA that includes a P _ _ _ _ _ _ r, O _ _ _ _ _ _ r, and G _ _ _ s.

Answer 18

Promoter, operator, genes.

Question 19

True or false: a repressor protein binds onto an operator to stop transcription.

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

True or false? Activator proteins would never bind onto enhancers to help the start of transcription.

Answer 20

False, they do bind to enhancers to help start transcription.

Question 21

What is transcription factor?

Answer 21

They are proteins that form an initiation complex and recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter.