Hormonal Communication- Exam 1

Question 1

hormones

Answer 1

• chemical signals
• secreted by endocrine cells
• transmitted locally
• may reach all cells but will only affect those with the appropriate receptors
• can regulate lots of responses but is slower than the nervous system

Question 2

pheromones

Answer 2

chemical signals released into the air that communicate information from organisms to the other and act through the olfactory system.

example: female menstruation cycles syncing up, female silkworm moths secrete pheromones

Question 3

circulating hormones

Answer 3

endocrine to the bloodstream to target cells

Question 4

local hormones

Answer 4

cell to cell either through paracrine or autocrine signaling

Question 5

three pathway types

Answer 5

simple endocrine, neuroendocrine, and hormone cascade

the more steps, the more levels at which the response can be regulated

Question 6

receptors are TM or cytoplasmic

Answer 6

TM: peptides, proteins, amines, oxytocin, LH, FSH, GH, glucagon, insulin, thyroxine, and epinephrine

cytoplasmic: steroids, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol

Question 7

all the parts of the endocrine system

Answer 7

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Precious Harry Potter Thinks Poorly About POT

Question 8

Posterior pituitary

Answer 8

neuroendocrine pathway

hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the pituitary, dependent on hypothalamic neurons

Question 9

ADH action on the kidney’s reabsorption of water

Answer 9

stimulus: increased sweating which leads to high osmolarity
effect: ADH is released and thirst is felt so as to increase water intake which decreases blood osmolarity and brings it back to normal, ADH also increase kidney permeability causing it to absorb more water

consuming alcohol which contains ethanol, blocks the release of ADH, causing the person who consumes alcohol to become easily dehydrated

Question 10

anterior pituitary

Answer 10

hormone cascade pathway
lots of hormones synthesized in the pituitary
tropic hormones regulate the activity of other endocrine glands
non-tropic hormones directly influence tissues that are not endocrine glands
secretion of many of these hormones is stimulated by specific releasing hormones released by the hypothalamus through portal blood vessels

Question 11

Tropic hormones

Answer 11

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

testes/ovaries, thyroid, adrenal cortex

Question 12

Non-tropic hormones

Answer 12

prolactin, MSH, endorphin

mammary glands. melanocytes/appetite, nociceptors in the brain

Question 13

Non-tropic and tropic hormone

Answer 13

Growth hormone

liver, bones

Question 14

Prolactin

Answer 14

mammalian females: stimulates breast development and milk secretion/production

mammalian males: helps regulate testes function

birds: regulates fat metabolism and reproduction
amphibians: regulates the timing of metamorphosis and acts as a larval growth hormone
fishes: regulates osmolarity

Question 15

endorphins

Answer 15

body’s natural opiates

runner’s high- release fo hormones when stress and pain reach critical levels

morphine/opium/heroin mimic the effects of endorphins

Question 16

growth hormone

Answer 16

lack in childhood: leads to pituitary dwarfism

excess is childhood: leads to gigantism

excess in adulthood: acromegaly

Question 17

thyroid, TRH, TSH, and thyroxine

Answer 17

TRH= TSH releasing hormone and it is the first RH to be released from the hypothalamus

TSH= thyroid-stimulating hormone AKA thyrotropin

thyroxine: increases basal metabolic rate, exposure to cold stimulates the release of TRH

ultimate responses: upregulation of basal cell metabolism, stimulation fo fat breakdown, and protein synthesis

Question 18

different forms of thyroxine

Answer 18

thyroid produces mostly t4

t3 has a higher affinity and is used more easily because it is iodinated

t4 can be converted to t3 by an enzyme

iodine deficiency means non-iodinated thyroxine is made, t4, and then there is no negative feedback to stop TRH causing goiter of hypothyroidism due to the accumulation of t4

Question 19

hypothyroidism

Answer 19

iodine deficiency or inherited

adults: goiter, low metabolism, intolerance of cold, general mental and physical sluggishness
children: mental retardation, stunted growth, and cretinism

Question 20

hyperthyroidism

Answer 20

Grave’s disease- an autoimmune disorder where antibody to TSH is made causing increased thyroxine production

bulging eyes, heat behind eyes, jumpy, all symptoms of abnormally high metabolism

Question 21

adrenal glands

Answer 21

made of the adrenal medulla and cortex

Question 22

adrenal medulla

Answer 22

produces amines epinephrine and norepinephrine, grows from the nervous system and remains under its direct control

Question 23

adrenal cortex

Answer 23

produces cortisol and under the control of the anterior pituitary through adrenocorticotropin

use cholesterol to produce cortisol and cytoplasmic receptors used because the molecules in question are hydrophobic

Question 24

epinephrine`

Answer 24

fight or flight, alpha and beta-adrenergic

Question 25

norepinephrine

Answer 25

physiological regulation, alpha-adrenergic

Question 26

catecholamines

Answer 26

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 27

three types of G protein

Answer 27

s- stimulatory
i- inhibitory
q- precursor molecule

Question 28

beta blockers

Answer 28

block epinephrine in beta-adrenergic receptors, and leave alpha receptors open for norepinephrine regulatory function to decrease fight-or-flight response by inactivating adenylyl cyclase

Question 29

stress response

Answer 29

stimulus: stress
hypothalamus: CRH
anterior pituitary: ACTH
adrenal cortex: cortisol

Question 30

Why is the cortisol response slower than epinephrine?

Answer 30

This is because epinephrine is a catecholamine that is emitted in the nervous system, and the nervous system responds more quickly to stimuli than the endocrine system

Question 31

short term stress response

Answer 31

adrenal medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine

1. increased blood glucose
2. increased blood pressure
3. increased breathing rate
4. increased metabolic rate
5. change in the blood flow pattern, increased blood flow leading to alertness, decreased blood flow to kidneys and digestive system

Question 32

long-term stress

Answer 32

adrenal cortex, HPA axis

1. proteins and fats are broken down and converted to glucose which may lead to increased blood sugar
2. immune system is suppressed

Question 33

sex steroids

Answer 33

male: androgens, especially testosterone
female: estrogen and progesterone\

in fetal development: no androgen in the womb means female

Question 34

sex steroid pathway

Answer 34

hypothalamus: GnRH
anterior pituitary: LH and FSH
gonads: respective sex steroids

Question 35

unintentional experiments

Answer 35

bodybuilders, Klinefelter’s, Castrati

Question 36

glucose levels

Answer 36

beta-cells: release insulin
alpha cells: release glucagon

after a meal, insulin rises, then glucagon rises to maintain homeostasis

Question 37

diabetes mellitus

Answer 37

type 1 lack of insulin

type 2 lack of insulin receptors

Question 38

rhythmic hormones

Answer 38

cortisol, growth hormone, and melatonin

Question 39

extracellular hormone degradation

Answer 39

1. degradation by hormones in the liver, blood, and lymph or converted into an inactive form
2. removal from blood kidneys into the urine

half-life of epinephrine is 1-3 days
cortisol and thyroxine half-life is on the order of days