Radiology Flashcards
much more common to have foot pain in hindlimbs or forelimbs?
foot pain in the hindlimbs are musch LESS common than in the forelimb
How to place the hind foot for radiology
- horses dont like to weight bear on a block. Can rest on their toe.
- can try to put both hind feet on a block
- techincally more difficult to take well positioned radiographs than in forelimb
Hind limb standard views:
same as forelimbs:
- Laminitis: Lateromedial
- Foot balance: Lateromedial and dorsoplantar
- dorso45Lateral-plataromedial
- Plantaro45Lateral-dorsomedial
- dorsoproximal-plantarodistal oblique
- plantaroproximal-plantarodistal oblique
Standard views for hind pastern
- views as in the forelimbs
hindlimb
Fetlock standard view
- standard views as for front fetlock
- lateromedial, dorsoplantar, D45L-PIM oblique, Pl45L-DM oblique
Hock
- frequent cause of laemenss
frequent cause of hindlimb lameness:
- osteoarthritis in the distal tarsal joint
susceptible to trauma
- kick wounds
- infectious arthritis
Osteochondrosis dissecans
Hock
- standard views
- D45L-PlMO
- PI45L-DMO
- Lateromedial
- Dorsoplantar
hock
- additional views
- flexed lateromedial
- skyline
Hock
- Distal tarsal joints - slight slope from dorsal to plantar and from lateral to medial, what to do?
- tilt the X-ray machine 5-10*
Hock
- fracture of the lateral malleolus, most commonly due to?
traumatic origin
Stifle
- flexed lateromedial, what to look after?
Easier to take true lateromedial, some horses tolerate it better.
Easier to assess the proximal aspect of the trochlear ridges
Pelvis
- indications
- suspected fracture of the ischium
- coxofemoral joint
- diagnostic analgesia
- clinical signs
Back
- indications
- back pain. Often secondary to lameness, ill fitting of saddle etc.
- poor performance
- dangerous behaviour
- diagnostic analgesia
Back
- to include on the radiology image
- dorsal spinous processes (DSP´s) - latero-lateral images
- vertebral bodies - latero-lateral images
- articular process (facet) joints (APJ´s) - ventral to dorsal oblique views
forelimb
- indications
- lameness localised to the foot
- penetating injuries
- laminitis
- navicular bursa injection
- for the farrier - hoof balance, sole thickness
forelimb
- preparation
- show removal
- thorough paring and cleaning
- packing with radiolucent material to avoid air artefacts (play dough)
- sedation, labelling, markers if needed
forelimb
- standard views
- for lameness examination:
- LM, Dpa, DPrPaDiO of the pedal and navicular bones, oblique and skyline views
- Laminits:
- LM
- For the farrier:
- LM, DPa
Forelimb
- Lateromedial view: preparation and what to see on the radiology image
- straight limb
- Xray beam parallel with the heel bulbs
- centre in the region of the navicular bone
- halfway between dorsal and palmar
- 1 cm distal to the coronary band
- orientation of the distal phalanz
- distal interphalangeal joint margins
- palmar processes / ossified cartilages
- navicular bone
- shape (elongation, modelling)
- corticomedullar definition
- thickness of the dorsal hoof wall and the sole
Forelimb
- Dorsopalmar view: preparation and what to see at the image
- foot on a block, pulled forward
- limb straight from the front
- centre midway between the coronary band and the ground
- horizontal X-ray beam, at right angle to the heel bulbs.
- orientation of the distal phalax, thickness of the sole
- ungular cartilages
- solar margin of distal phalanx
- proximal border of the navicular bone
Forelimb
- DPrPaDiO - distal phalanx
- Upright pedal view
- hoof wall vertical on the block
- centre at the level of the coronary band
- standing on a block
- beam at 65* to horizontal
- margins of the disal phalanx
- ungular cartilages
- insertion site of Cl DIP joint
Forelimb
- DPrPaDiO - navicular bone
- foot slightly pulled forward on the block
- centre 1 cm distal to the coronary band
- proximal border
- distal border
Forelimb
- Palmaroproximal-Palarodistal Oblique view, Skyline view
Horse stands on a tunnel with foot positioned backwards
- centre between the heel bulbs
- 45-70* to horizontal, depending on the slope of the pastern and positioning
Forelimb
- Dorso60*Lateral-PalmaroMedial oblique and Dorso60*Medial-PalmaroLateral oblique views
Foot on a block, dorsal hoof wall vertical
Forelimb
- Navicular disease
- complex pathology, involves the navicular bone and associated structures
- navicular bursa
- deep digital flexor tendon
- distal sesamoidean impar ligament
- collateral ligaments of the navicular bone
- chondrosesamoidean ligament
- X-rays cannot provide a complete picture
- but certain radiological changes suggest soft tissue involvment
Laminitis
- Position and preparations
- position of the distal phalanx
- should be parallel with the dorsal hoof wall
- rotation, sinking
- dorsal hoof wall thickness
- radiolucent line - (serum - necrotic tissue)
- remodelling of the toe
- distance between the tow and the sole
- Dorsal hoof wall - palmar length of the distal phalanx ration should be <27%
- dorsal hoof wall thickness
- should be less than 20 mm
- depends on the breed
Forelimb
- the Pastern, indications
- suspected fracture
- ringbone (visible/palpable thickening assumed to be causing pain)
- lameness localised to the pastern region
Forelimb
- the Pastern, istandard views
- Lateromedial, dorsopalmar, DL-PaMO, DM-PaLO
Forelimb
- The Fetlock, indications
- lameness localised to the region
- distension of the joint capsule, any other swelling
- suspected fracture