Exam 1-2 Review Flashcards
Polysaccharides form when _____ catalyze the formation of _____ _____ between monosaccharides that are in the alpha or beta form.
Enzymes, glycosidic linkages
Most polysaccharides are long chains of _____, but some branch extensively. Among linear forms, it is common for adjacent strands to be connected by _____ _____ or other types of linkages.
Residues, hydrogen bonding
Simple sugars differ from each other in three respects:
The location of their carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms present, and the spatial arrangement of their atoms (particularly the relative positions of hydroxyl groups).
Carbohydrates provide _____ _____ or synthesis of more complex compounds
Raw materials
What polysaccharides form cell walls and give structural strength?
Cellulose, Chitin, and Peptidoglycan.
_____ and _____ project from cell surfaces to provide molecular badges that identify the cell’s type or species.
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
_____ and _____ store sugars for layer use in reactions that produce ATP. Sugars contain large amounts of potential energy in their ___-___ and ___-___ bonds.
Starch and glycogen. C-H and C-C bonds.
Organic compounds that have a carbon group and several hydroxyl groups:
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides May form _____ structures in solution that can differ from one another in the orientation of a _____ group, even among molecules of the same monosaccharide.
Ring, hydroxyl
Monosaccharides can be _____ bonded together via _____ _____, which join hydroxyl groups in adjacent molecules.
Covalently, glycosidic linkages
_____ do not always form a single uniform backbone structure. The numerous _____ found in each monosaccharide allow glycosidic linkages to form at different sites and new strands to _____ from existing chains.
Polysaccharides, hydroxyls, branch
The types of _____ involved and the geometries of the glycosidic linkages between _____ distinguish different polysaccharides from one another.
Monomers, monomers
Cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan are polysaccharides that function in _____. They are made up of _____ _____ joined by ___-1,4 glycosidic linkages. When individual molecules of these polysaccharides align side by side, bonds form between them, resulting in strong, flexible fibers or sheets that resist _____.
Support, monosaccharide monomers, beta, hydrolysis
Both _____ and _____ are polysaccharides that function as energy storage molecules.
Starch and glycogen
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars; monomers of carbohydrates
What is more common: alpha glucose or beta glucose? Why?
Beta; more stable
_____ _____ end in -Ose or -Oses
Simple sugars
_____ _____ end in -saccharides
Complex carbohydrates
It is rare for sugars of _____ or more carbons to exist in linear chains. Most form rings.
5
When monosaccharides polymerize due to condensation reactions between hydroxyl groups, they lead to covalent bonds called _____ _____. They also hold monomers together.
Glycosidic linkages
Each cell in the body has _____ on its surface to help identify it as a part of the body.
Carbohydrates
Polar molecules with strong bonds have _____ potential energy than non polar molecules with equal electron sharing.
Lower
A _____ refers to a single unit that makes up a polymer, such as an amino acid in a polypeptide or protein.
Residue
Chemical reactions must _____ total entropy of the universe.
Increase
Endergonic vs. Exergonic
Endergonic is the input of energy/ low to high potential energy. Exergonic is the release of energy/ high to low energy
What are the variable structures of a nucleotide?
The sugars; ribo or deoxy
A phospholipid has a hydro_____ head and hydro_____ tails. Phospholipids also contain a _____ backbone and are made of ___ fatty acids.
Philic, phobic, glycerol, two.
What organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
The smooth ER
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Rough ER
Isoprenoids:
Long, branched, hydrocarbon chains
Saturated carbons contain carbon carbon _____ bonds and are _____ at room temp. Unsaturated carbons contain carbon carbon _____ bonds and are _____ at room temp.
Single, solid. Double, liquid.
Name the 3 types of lipids:
Fats, steroids, and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is important in building the structure of _____ _____.
Cell membranes
A fat molecule consists of two main components: _____ and _____ _____.
Glycerol and fatty acids.
Steroids have a distinctive _____ _____ structure that is (polar/non-polar.) List three examples.
Four ring (3 hexagons attaches to a pentagon), non-polar, ex: cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.
What are lipid micelles? What do they tend to form?
Created when hydrophilic heads of a set of lipids face water, making a circle, to create hydrogen bonds while the hydrophobic tails interact with one another in the interior area. They form fatty acids
What is a lipid bilayer? What does it tend to form?
Lipid molecules align in paired sheets with the hydrophobic tails interacting with each other within the interior of the sheet, while the hydrophilic heads interact with water and form hydrogen bonds. Forms phospholipids.
If molecules are charged, the permeability of a lipid bilayer _____. Small ions (can/cannot) pass through.
Decreases. Cannot
Adding cholesterol molecules to membranes _____ permeability. Therefore, membranes lacking cholesterol are _____ permeable.
Reduces, more.
Diffusion:
Net movement of ions or molecules in solution from high concentration to low concentration.
Osmosis:
Diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane from concentrations of high to low.
List the three classes of proteins that affect membrane permeability:
Channel proteins, carrier proteins, and pump proteins.
What two proteins participate in passive transport to facilitate diffusion from areas of high to low concentration? What’s the difference between the two? What protein participates in active transport and can move a substance against the concentration gradient?
Channel and carrier. Carriers change shape to facilitate diffusion and the process is much slower than with a channel protein. Pump.
Hyperosmotic vs. hypoosmotic
Hyper: Solution with the higher concentration of solute. Hypo: solution with the lesser concentration of solute.