8.9 Hydrocarbon Derivaatives and Synthesis

Question 1

where is the carbon in a carbonyl functional group of an aldehyde located

Answer 1

The carbon, in the carbonyl functional group of an aldehyde, is always located at the beginning of the carbon chain. The simplest aldehyde, methanal, contains only one carbon, the carbon that is contained within the carbonyl group.

Question 2

what do the names of all aldehydes end in

Answer 2

the names of all aldehydes end in ¨al.¨

Question 3

what is the general form of an aldehyde

Answer 3

the general form of an aldehyde is a carbon, double bonded to an oxygen, bonded to a hydrogen, and bonded to an R group (either another Hydrogen or a carbon chain)

Question 4

what is the simplest aldehyde

Answer 4

methanal aka formaldehyde, R group is a hydrogen, a compound that was once used to preserve biological specimens, though is now though to be toxic

Question 5

how do aldehydes smell

Answer 5

The smaller aldehydes tend to have strong irritating odours, but the longer chained aldehydes have pleasant odours and are commonly used in making perfume.

Question 6

what is a ketone

Answer 6

An ketone is an aldehyde that is bonded to two R groups, along with double bonded to oxygen. the R groups can be the same or different

Question 7

what determines the names of ketone

Answer 7

The names of all ketones end in “one”, which is pronounced like “own”. The names of ketones are based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain and which carbon atom the oxygen is connected to.

Question 8

what is the simplest ketone

Answer 8

In the simplest ketone, propanone, a methyl group (CH3) replaces both the R and the R. An alternate name for this ketone is “dimethyl ketone”, based on the fact that a methyl group is attached to each side of the carbonyl group. This compound is commonly called “acetone”. It is used as a solvent in organic chemistry labs and is the active ingredient in a common type of nail polish remover

Question 9

what are ethers

Answer 9

All ethers contain two carbon chains joined through an oxygen atom

Question 10

how do you name ethers

Answer 10

Ethers can be named by listing the carbon chains or alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom follow by etherorby giving the shortest carbon chain the suffix “oxy” followed by the name for the longer parent chain

Question 11

what is a common ether

Answer 11

A common example of an ether is diethyl ether or ethoxyethane which is made when two ethanol molecules join together. Ethoxyethane is also known as hospital ether as it was commonly, but no longer, used as anesthetic.

Question 12

what functional group identifies organic acids

Answer 12

The functional group that identifies organic acids, or carboxylic acids, is the carboxyl group. As the name indicates, the carboxyl group contains a carbon atom and oxygen atoms. It is a carbon, with a double bond to one oxygen, and bond to the R group, and a bond to an oxygen (which is itself bonded to a hydrogen)

Question 13

where are carbonyl groups found

Answer 13

carbonyl groups are found at the end of a carbon chain

Question 14

what is the simplest carbonyl

Answer 14

methanoic acid is the simplest carbonyl, and has a single hydrogen as the R group. it is is also called formic acid and it is found in the sting of ants, wasps, and other insects. The body’s reaction to the methanoic acid is what causes the swelling.

Question 15

what is acetic acid

Answer 15

Ethanoic acid is a carbonyl group bonded to an ethyl group, it is also called acetic acid and makes up about 5% of table vinegar. Like the aldehyde group, the carboxyl acid group is found only at the end of the carbon chain.

Question 16

what do carboxyl groups act as

Answer 16

The carboxyl group acts as an acid. Acids, of course, release hydrogen ions (H+). Hence, the carboxyl group must lose its hydrogen atom.

Question 17

how are esters produced

Answer 17

Esters are produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Consider ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and methanol (CH3OH).The H of the acid combines with the OH of the alcohol to form a molecule of water, and the other two parts then join to produce the ester.

Question 18

how do you name esters

Answer 18

To name an ester identify the ends that originated from the carboxylic acid and alcohol. The carboxylic acid end will contain the double bonded oxygen and the alcohol end should be a carbon chain on one side of the oxygen atom in the main chain. Treat this alcohol derived carbon chain as a substituent group when naming so it goes first. The carboxylic acid derived chain is the parent that is named last and is given an “oate” ending

Question 19

what are amides

Answer 19

Amides include a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom. The name of an amide ends in ¨amide¨ - the ¨e¨ of the alkane name is dropped. Ethanamide is a common amide. amide linkages are also called peptide bonds when between proteins. Amines are made up of one or more carbon groups or chains bonded to a nitrogen atom.

Question 20

how do you name amides

Answer 20

To name an amine using the common name, the substituent group names for the carbon chains attached to the nitrogen are listed in alphabetical order.

Question 21

where are amides often found

Answer 21

Amines are often found in plants are called alkaloids and are used in medicine as painkillers. Synthetic amines are preferred for medical use as they can be prepared in pure form. Amines, both natural (opium) and synthetic, are highly addictive.

Question 22

what are some characteristics of amides

Answer 22

Amines are polar molecules and dissolve well in water. Amines often have strong and irritable odours.

Question 23

what are the two ways polymers can form

Answer 23

Polymers may form in two different ways:

1. by adding together similar units
2. by combining different units with the loss of a water molecule at each joint.

Question 24

what is polyethylene

Answer 24

if one of the two bonds in an Ethene molecule breaks (which can happen easily) then both carbon can bond to one additional molecule, if two such Ethene come in contact, they can bond together, this can happen many times until a long chain is created, called a polyethylene.

Question 25

what are other polymers

Answer 25

Other synthetic polymers are nylon, saran, orlon, lucite, acrylic, and bakelite. Natural polymers include proteins, starch, and cellulose. Addition polymers are generally formed from identical unsaturated monomers. Ethylene, Polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyfluoroethene (Teflon)

Question 26

how are condensation polymers formed

Answer 26

Condensation polymers are formed from two different molecules. Each molecule has a substituted group at each end.

Question 27

how might a condensation polymer form

Answer 27

For example, we may have a dicarboxylic acid and a di-alcohol

The polymerization process is similar to the formation of an ester except that it happens at both ends of both molecules.

The H and OH split off and form water and the other two parts join up.

This process is now repeated with a di-alcohol molecule at A on the left and a dicarboxylic acid molecule at B on the right.

This goes on until a very long molecule, a polymer, is formed. A molecule with two amino groups (NH2) is also capable of forming a condensation polymer with a dicarboxylic acid. Such polymers are called polyamides. Nylon is a polyamide. It is made from hexandioic acid and 1,6-diaminohexane.

More of these monoamides join to form long molecules of nylon. The resulting polyamide is melted and extruded through tiny holes to produce fine threads of nylon.

Question 28

How do you name aldehydes

Answer 28

name of carbon chain, ending in “al” example methanal

Question 29

how do you name ketones

Answer 29

name of carbon chain, ending in “one” example propanone

Question 30

how do you name ethers

Answer 30

either list carbon chains then ether ex diethyl ether
or short chain name, oxy, long chain name ex ethoxyethane

Question 31

how do you name carboxylic acids

Answer 31

carbon chain name, ending in “oic acid” ex methanoic acid

Question 32

how do you name esters

Answer 32

identify the ends that came from the carboxylic acid and the alcohol, treat the end that came from the alcohol as a substitution group, and the end from the acid as the parent group, ending in oate
ex Methyl Ethanoate

Question 33

how do name amides

Answer 33

carbon chain ending in amide, including the carbon of the amide

Question 34

how do you name amines

Answer 34

the substituent group names for the carbon chains attached to the nitrogen are listed in alphabetical order