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Physiology 1 > Lecture 9: The nervous system part 1: The autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 9: The nervous system part 1: The autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Afferent and efferent

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2
Q

What information does the afferent division of the PNS transmit via action potentials?

A

Information from the sensory receptors and visceral stimuli

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the efferent nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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5
Q

What makes the autonomic nervous system special?

A

It does not require conscious regulation

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6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Regulates activity of the internal organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)

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7
Q

What is another major function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A

Sympathetic (flight or fight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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9
Q

What nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves

Sacral nerves

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10
Q

What nerves are associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Thoracic and lumbar nerves

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11
Q

What do lumbar nerves of the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Makes kidney secrete epinephrine/norepinephrine, relaxes bladder, inhibits sex organs

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12
Q

The ANS does not usually have single neurons connecting the CNS to organs. Instead…

A

There is usually an autonomic ganglion in between

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13
Q

What are the two ganglions in the ANS?

A

Neurons from the CNS to ganglia are preganglionic

Distal ones are postganglionic

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14
Q

In autonomic ganglia, preganglionic nerves are ________ and postganglionic fibres are ________

A

Myelinated

Unmyelinated

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15
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the CNS

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16
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the target organ, or embedded in it

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17
Q

How many cell bodies do sympathetic preganglionic axons innervate?

A

> 20

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18
Q

How many cell bodies do parasympathetic preganglionic axons innervate?

A

<4

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19
Q

How are sympathetic ganglia arranged?

A

In a row on each side of the spinal cord (Paravertebral ganglia)
Further away called prevertebral ganglia

20
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the preganglionic neurons of both divisions (para and sympathetic) of the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine

21
Q

What is the postganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

22
Q

What is the postganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

23
Q

Where is ACh broken down after being secreted from the preganglionic neurons?

A

Synaptic cleft

24
Q

What enzyme breaks down ACh?

A

Acetylcholineterase

25
Q

What happens once ACh is broken down?

A

Choline is transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more ACh

26
Q

What are the two types of ACh receptors?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

27
Q

What happens when ACh (or nicotine) binds to nicotinic receptors?

A

They open and allow ions to flow (Na+ in and K+ out)

28
Q

What is the effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors and ions flowing?

A

Ionotropic (the binding of the ligand DIRECTLY alters permeability of the channel_

29
Q

What are two features of ionotropic receptors?

A
  • Fast synaptic transmission

- Often stimulatory

30
Q

What happens when ACh (or mucarine) binds to muscarinic receptors?

A

They release G proteins which begin a cascade of information

31
Q

What is the effect of ACh binding to muscarinic receptors causing G protein cascade?

A

Metabotropic: binding of the ligand to the channel INDIRECTLY alters permeability of ion channels

32
Q

What are two features of metabotropic receptors?

A
  • Several types

- May be stimulatory or inhibitory

33
Q

In ANS, where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Only in the post ganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found within the body?

A

Neuromuscular junctions, ganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla

35
Q

What is the second messenger pathway of nicotinic vs. muscarinic receptors?

A

Ion influx

G protein coupled

36
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to?

A

Adrenoreceptors

37
Q

What happens when adrenoreceptors bind with nor/epinephrine?

A

They release G proteins, which begin a cascade of information

38
Q

What are the two subtypes of adrenoreceptors?

A

Alpha and beta (both metabotropic)

39
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both what type of molecule?

A

Catecholamines

40
Q

Where are alpha 1 receptors found?

A

Blood vessels of skin, gut, kidneys and salivary glands

41
Q

What is the effect of alpha 1 receptors in humans?

A

Vasocontriction

42
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors found?

A

Heart

43
Q

What is the effect on beta 1 receptors in humans?

A

Increases heart rate and strength

44
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors found in humans?

A

Lungs

45
Q

What is the effect of beta 2 receptors in humans?

A

Dilates bronchial passages

46
Q

What is the first reason for the number of different types of receptors in humans?

A

Evolution is messy

47
Q

What is the second reason for the number of different types of receptors in humans?

A

Different needs in different tissues: different combinations gives large range of responses

Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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