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Neuroscience > Nociception and Pain > Flashcards

Nociception and Pain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the classic 5 senses?

A

vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell

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2
Q

what other senses are there?

A

proprioception, itch, temperature, balance, visceral sensations, magnetosensation, electrosensation, pain

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3
Q

what is pain?

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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4
Q

how is pain an evolutionary function?

A
  • promotes survival
  • want to avoid the stimuli
  • requires aversion or treatment
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5
Q

what can happen if individuals have pain insensitivity?

A
  • severe injuries

- leads to permanent tissue damage

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6
Q

what is nociception?

A

emotional component to pain

- pain is subjective

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7
Q

how is nociception different to other senses?

A

has both affective and emotional component

- nociception is not the same as pain

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8
Q

what are the 3 general nociception stimuli?

A
  • chemical
  • mechanical
  • thermal
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9
Q

what is nociception detected by?

A
  • nociceptors
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10
Q

give an overview of nociceotirs.

A
  • dendritic free nerve endings of primary sensory neurons
  • nociceptors fire action potentials in response to nociceptive stimuli
  • located in tissues (different senses)
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11
Q

where do nociceptors send projections?

A
  • send projection to the dorsal horn in the spinal cord

- make connections in the grey matter

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12
Q

where are the cell bodies located?

A
  • mainly in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)

- can be connections with motor neurons

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13
Q

what are the nociceptive fibres?

A
  • thermal (activated by extreme temperatures)
  • mechanical (activated by intense pressure to the skin)
  • polymodal (activated by high intensity mechanical, chemical or thermal)
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14
Q

what are A fibres affected by?

A

mechanical and thermal

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15
Q

what is the structure of A delta fibres?

A
  • small diameter
  • 5-30m/s
  • thinly myelinated
  • slow
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16
Q

what are C fibres affected by?

A

polymodal

17
Q

what is the structure of C fibres?

A
  • small diameter
  • unmyelinated
  • <1m/s (very slow)
18
Q

what do C and A delta fibres give rise to?

A
  • first and second pain
  • 3 classes of receptors are widely distributed and co-activated
  • sharp pain = first pain (A delta)
  • burning/ache = second pain (C fibres)
19
Q

where are A delta and C fibres found?

A

the whole of the skin

apart from the webs between your fingers and the testicles

20
Q

what are TRP channels?

A

transient receptor potential channels

21
Q

what is the structure of TRP channels?

A
  • 6 transmembrane protein with a gate
  • variation in N and C termini defines physiological properties, attach to different proteins etc
  • structural similarities but different TRPs mediate different functions
22
Q

what is the function of TRP channels?

A
  • in response to a stimulus it gates and allows Ca2+/Na+ through at different rations (causes a depolarisation)
23
Q

what are the different stimuli of TRPs?

A
  • conformational change (temp, mechanical, pH)
  • ligand binding (endogenous and exogenous ligands)
  • intracellular (Ca2+)
  • an individual channel can be activated by >1 stimulus type
24
Q

what is the structure of TRPV1?

A
  • 6 transmembrane domains
  • 3 anchor binding motifs (to cytoskeleton)
  • phosphorylated by both protein kinase A and B
25
Q

what is the vanilloid receptor?

A
  • eg capsaicin by chilli

- chilli is somatosesory (senses heat)

26
Q

what are TRPV1 channels activated by?

A
  • temperature >43 degrees
  • acidification (H+)
  • allyl isothiocyanate
  • capsaicin (binds to receptor and activates it at 37 degrees)
27
Q

what happens in TRPV1 KO mice when treated with capsaicin?

A
  • inject the hindleg with the capsaicin and animals will lick it
  • see how long they spend licking their paw
  • as you increase the dose it doesn’t change the response of the TRPV1 KO mice
28
Q

how do TRPV1 KO mice respond to thermal stimuli?

A
  • impaired response to thermal stimuli
  • use a hot plate
  • wild type moves off the plate much quicker than the KO mice
29
Q

what is TRPV1 responsible for?

A

longer lasting pain

30
Q

what is hyperalgesia?

A
  • pain over time
  • if peripheral tissue is damaged it can lead to increased pain sensitivity
  • leads to decreased threshold of nociceptor activation
  • pain can occur in the absence of sensory stimulation
31
Q

what do damaged cells (tissues) release?

A
  • complex mix of chemicals that accumulate at the site of inury
  • also theres an increased blood flow and fluid pressure
32
Q

what peptides can this inflammatory soup contain?

A

bradykinin, substance P, nerve growth factor

33
Q

what molecules can this inflamatory soup contain?

A

atp, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrenes, H+

34
Q

in hyperalgesia what can generate a signal?

A

G protein ocupled stimuli that generates a signal that will modify the signal

35
Q

what does the inflammatory soup stimnulate?

A

TRPV1 repcetor

- much broader region/area as the molecules spread and draw blood to the area

36
Q

what is nociception at different levels of the CNS?

A

stimulus - sensory neuron - proccesed: spinal cord (reflex), thalamus, cortex (behavioural response and subjective experience of pain)

37
Q

what is the role of the antenna of flies?

A
  • hot and cold temperature sensing neuons

- project to separate glomeruli in protocerbrum

38
Q

how is hot and cold processed in flies?

A
  • separately

- use labelled line logic for processing temperature information in the brain

39
Q

what is an experiment for testing hot and cold receptors in the brains of flies?

A
  • bathe the lies in Ca2+ dye
  • stimulate the antenna with hot and cold stimuli
  • 2 sets of neurons repond to hot and cold
  • project on distinct but adjacent glomeri;o
  • potentially act as an integration site for accurate thermosensation

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