Organic Synthesis Flashcards
What is distillation?
A separating technique used to collect a product from an organic synthesis reaction
What is reflux?
A technique used in organic synthesis to ensure that a reaction mixture does not boil away
What do you need to heat under reflux?
Pear-shaped glass
Heating mantle
Condenser
How do you use a separating funnel?
Place funnel in iron ring
Remove stopper + close tap
Pour mixture into funnel (half way)
Wash out vessel with H2O + pour into funnel
Stopper back
Invert funnel, open tap then lose + gently shake
Repeat till you hear no whistle
Leave for mixture to separate
Drain water layer into beaker (bottom half)
Use clean beaker to collect desired product
Add drying agent
What do inorganic salts do?
Absorb water to become hydrated
What are some examples of inorganic salts?
Magnesium sulphate
Calcium chloride
What can anhydrous salts be used for?
To dry other chemicals
How to use drying agent?
Add few spatulas of drying agent to organic product
If clumps add more
When remains free-moving it is dry
Use gravity filtration to collect filtrate
What is redistillation?
The purification of a liquid by performing multiple distillations
What is an example of redistillation?
When ethanol is made it is distilled to remove ethanol from the mixture the distilled again to purify
What is test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Bromine water
Decolourises = present
What is the test for haloalkanes?
Silver nitrate + ethanol
White precipitate = chloro
Cream = bromo
Yellow = iodo
What is the test for alcohols?
Warm with equal vol of carboxylic acid
Few drops of H2SO4
Sweet smell = present
What is the test carboxylic acids?
Universal indicator or pH probe
Weak acid pH = present
What is another test carboxylic acids other than pH?
Reactive metal/metal carbonate
Effervescence of CO2 or H2 = present
