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CASA CPL Aerody > Basic Aerody > Flashcards

Basic Aerody Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy an object possesses due to its speed

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2
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy an object possesses due to its height.

Gravitational potential energy

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3
Q

In a loop, when will an aircraft have its maximum kinetic energy?

A

Before entering and just after exiting

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4
Q

In a loop, when will an aircraft have its maximum potential energy?

A

At the top of the loop

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5
Q

What are the two types of pressure?

A

Static Pressure (Ps) and Dynamic Pressure (Pd)

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6
Q

What is static pressure?

A

The pressure caused by gravity pulling air molecules down toward the centre of the Earth

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7
Q

What happens to static pressure as altitude increases?

A

Decreases - due to air being less dense at higher altitudes

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8
Q

How does pressure move?

A

High to low

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9
Q

What is dynamic pressure?

A

Kinetic energy to motion

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10
Q

What is the formula for dynamic pressure?

A

Pd = 1/2 rho v^2

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11
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Theorem?

A

Total pressure does not change.

I.e. Pt = Pd + Ps

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12
Q

What is the Coanda effect?

A

The tendency of the airflow to follow a surface with gentle curvature rather than continue its original path until the stalling angle is reached

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13
Q

What does the air do as a result of the Coanda effect?

A

Results in the air being deflected downward after it leaves the trailing edge of the wing

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14
Q

What is an aerofoil?

A

Any surface which is designed to provide an aerodynamic force when interacting with a moving stream of air

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15
Q

What is the chordline of an aerofoil?

A

The straight line joining the leading edge to the trailing edge

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16
Q

What is the mean camber line of an aerofoil?

A

The line drawn an equal distance from the upper and lower surfaces

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17
Q

What is the thickness of an aerofoil?

A

The distance between the upper and lower surfaces

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18
Q

What is the camber of an aerofoil?

A

The curvature of an aerofoil

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19
Q

What is a well-cambered aerofoil used for?

A

Typical high-lift, low speed wing

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20
Q

What is a symmetrical aerofoil used for?

A

Typical horizontal stabiliser

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21
Q

What is aspect ratio?

A

It is span divided by chord

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22
Q

What does a wing with high aspect ratio bring?

A

Can reduce induced drag

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23
Q

What is Relative Airflow (RAF)?

A

Airflow in the opposite to the direction of the path of the aircraft

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24
Q

What is angle of attack (AoA)?

A

The angle between the chordline and relative airflow

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25
Q

What is the centre of pressure (CoP)?

A

A point on the top surface of an aerofoil which the total reaction of all lifting aerodynamic forces is said to act

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26
Q

Where is the high pressure around an aerofoil?

A

Underneath

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27
Q

Where is the low pressure around an aerofoil?

A

On top

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28
Q

What is the effect of flap?

A

Causes a greater increase in drag than lift

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29
Q

What is induced drag?

A

Drag created when creating lift

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30
Q

What is the equation of lift?

A

L = C(L) 1/2 rho v^2 S

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31
Q

What is C(L) in the equation of lift?

A

Coefficient of lift, made up of AoA and Wing Shape

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32
Q

What is S in the equation of lift?

A

Surface area

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33
Q

How can we increase C(L)?

A

Increase AoA
Increase camber
Deploy flap
Increase thickness/chord ratio

34
Q

What is the thickness/chord ratio?

A

Is an aerofoils relative thickness

35
Q

What are the two types of drag?

A

Induced drag and Parasite drag

36
Q

What is parasite drag made up of?

A

Skin friction
Interference drag
Form drag

37
Q

What is skin friction?

A

Exists between an object and the air in which it is moving through

38
Q

What is interference drag?

A

Air mixing at junctions creates turbulence in the region of the joint

39
Q

How is interference drag reduced?

A

With the use of fairings

40
Q

What is form drag?

A

Results from airflow separation

41
Q

How is form drag reduced?

A

Reduced by using streamlined parts

42
Q

Which fineness ratio produces the least drag?

A

Large fineness ratio

43
Q

What happens to parasite drag as airspeed increases?

A

Parasite drag increases

44
Q

What happens to induced drag as AoA increases?

A

Induced drag increases

45
Q

When causes induced drag to be greater?

A

The greater the pressure difference between the bottom and top surface, the greater the induced drag

46
Q

Why does a slower aircraft produce more induced drag?

A

The slower the aircraft flies, the more time air has to spill over the wing tip

47
Q

Where is induced drag produced?

A

At the wingtip as air spills over from high to low pressure

48
Q

What increases the pressure difference over an aerofoil?

A

Aircraft weight
AoA
Aspect ratio

49
Q

What happens to induced drag as airspeed increases?

A

Induced drag reduces

50
Q

What is total drag?

A

Total Drag = Parasite Drag + Induced Drag

51
Q

What point is the min drag point?

A

The best glide speed

52
Q

What is the drag equation?

A

D = C(d) 1/2 rho v^2 S

53
Q

What is C(d) in the drag equation?

A

The coefficient of drag

54
Q

What impacts on the C(d)?

A

The AoA and wing shape

55
Q

What is wake turbulence?

A

A result of air spilling around the wingtip due to the high pressure below the aerofoil and lower pressure above

56
Q

What happens to wake turbulence as AoA increases?

A

Wake turbulence increases

57
Q

What happens to wake turbulence as IAS decreases?

A

Wake turbulence increases

58
Q

What happens to wake turbulence as weight increases?

A

Wake turbulence increases

59
Q

What happens to wake turbulence as aspect ratio increases?

A

Wake turbulence decreases

60
Q

What happens to wake turbulence if you increase the dissipating time?

A

Wake turbulence decreases

61
Q

When are wingtip vortices at their greatest strength?

A

When an aircraft is heavy, slow with gear and flaps up

62
Q

When is wake turbulence strongest?

A

Just prior to take-off

63
Q

Where should you fly to avoid wake turbulence?

A

Upwind and above

64
Q

When taking off after a large aircraft takes off, where should you aim to rotate?

A

Aim to lift off well before the larger aircraft’s rotation point and climb above their flightpath

65
Q

When taking off after a large aircraft has landed, where should you aim to rotate?

A

Aim to lift off well after its touchdown point or wait for it to dissapte

66
Q

When landing after a large aircraft lands, where should you approach and aim to land?

A

Approach above it’s flight path and aim to land well beyond it’s touchdown point

67
Q

When landing after a large aircraft takes off, where should you aim to touchdown?

A

Aim to touchdown well before its point of rotation

68
Q

Where should you aim to land when a large aircraft lands on a crossing runway?

A

Plan to cross above the larger aircraft’s flightpath and touchdown well beyond the runway it has landed on

69
Q

Where should you aim to land when a large aircraft takes-off on a crossing runway? (Consider both pre/post intersection departure)

A

If the rotation is beyond the intersection then land before the intersection.

If the rotation is before the intersection, then go around unless the landing can be completed before the intersection

70
Q

How fast does wake turbulence sink?

A

400-500 fpm

71
Q

How far does wake turbulence extend?

A

2 wingspans horizontally and 1 wingspan vertically

72
Q

How do you avoid wake turbulence en-route?

A

Aim to fly 200ft above or 1000ft below

73
Q

How long can vortices persist for at altitude and on the ground?

A

5 mins at altitude

3 mins on the ground

74
Q

If a heavy aircraft conducts a go around, what should you do?

A

Assume the entire runway could be a hazard and delay or discontinue the approach

75
Q

Do helicopters produce wake turbulence?

A

Yes, known as rotor downwash

76
Q

When is a helicopters wake turbulence greatest?

A

When a helicopter is operating at lower speeds

77
Q

How far can helicopter wake turbulence be hazardous for?

A

Up to a radius of approximately 3x rotor diameter

78
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Forces acting on an object are in balance and there is no acceleration

79
Q

What is a moment?

A

Force x Arm

80
Q

What is inward spanwise drift?

A

Air on the top of the wing moves inwards

81
Q

What is outward spanwise drift?

A

Air on the bottom of the wing move outwards

CASA CPL Aerody (9 decks)

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