Chapter 4 B Flashcards
Sanctity of life principle is? is it absolute?
Says that all life is precious, therefore, everyone is entitled to receive whatever treatment necessary to extend an preserve the persons life.
It is not absolute bc it doesn’t take into account a number of things.
What is the benefits principle? What is it also known as?
also known as the principle of fairness.
BP= The ultimate test of fairness of a policy depends on distribution of net benefits.
What is the non discriminative principle?
Says that it is unfair to discriminate. courts don’t agree with this though because it is necessary sometimes. Bona fide occupational requirement.
How do we deal with competing value judgements?
Moral relativism. Says there is no way to determine that some values are superior to others.
thus, Value systems may differ across cultures but none is better than any other
The problem with this is that MR implies all values are equal.
Utilitarian approach is?
Bestgood for the most number of people. It says that an action is good if it increases total utility or happiness.
Social covenant or social contract approach is?
a fair system is one we would voluntarily join.
People must look at it through a veil of ignorance. no bias’.
Maxi-min principle is?
similar to utilitarianism. but, MM seeks to maximize only te benefits of the worst off person.
Social contract approach is?
that fairness is whatever derives from fair procedures. (how the contract was drawn).
Says that the ends do not justify the means.
Individual vs group fairness
they generally conflict with individual equality of opportunity
Economists follow te general presumption about fairness objectives that:
fairness objectives are best pursued at the broadest possible level.
objective in efficiency and fairness?
seek the least cost method if achieving fairness in public policy
The problem with universal programs?
creates DWL bc of inefficiencies. some are justified on the grounds of faitness.
What could be done to make free health care more efficient?
adopt modest user fees. not enough to make health care inaccessible to the poor , but to reduce unnecessary uses. would also collect small revenue sources which could be used elsewhere.
or introduce catastrophic illness insurance.
or use vouchers ( give poor vouchers do they can afford some Medicare)
Whst is the negative income tax?
provides a minimum income pmt per person and would allow people to keep a fraction of personal earnings above the min(50%). more $ given the poorer u r.
benefit is that it provides incentive to work and earn money.
current welfare is reduced by every $ u earn (disincentive to work)
Whst does business honesty do?
creates positive externalities
