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blood and Circultion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circulat5ory system

A 
The transporting system of the body,
 consisting of the heart, 
blood, 
blood vessels,
 lymph 
lymph vessels
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2
Q

what are the functions of blood

A

Transporting oxygen and nutrient to all cells of the body
Transporting carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells
Transporting chemical messengers (hormones) to cells
Maintaining the pH of body fluids
Distributing heat and maintaining body temps
Maintaining water content and ion concentration of the body fluid
Protecting against disease causing micro-organisms
Preventing blood loss through clotting when vessels are damaged

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3
Q

what is blood

A

Blood is made up of a plasma and formed elements.

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4
Q

what is plasma

A

Plasma 55% of the blood volume. It is the fluid part of the blood in which the cells (formed elements) are suspended in.

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5
Q

what are formed elements?

A

Formed elements are any cell or cell like structure in the blood. They make up 45% of the blood volume.

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6
Q

what do the formed elements consist of ?

A

The formed elements that are suspended in the blood plasma are red blood cells (erythrocytes), 
white blood cells (leucocytes) and 
platelets (thrombocytes).

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7
Q

what is plasma made of?

A 
91% of plasma is water, with the rest made up of dissolved substances include nutrients such as 
amino acids,
 glucose 
lipids, 
ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, 
gases such as O2 and CO2,
 hormones, 
proteins and
wastes such as urea.
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8
Q

what are red blood cells erythrocytes?

A

Contains haemoglobin, no nucleus (to allow more room for haemoglobin).
They are biconcave disks, thinner in the middle than at the edges.
Haemoglobin is the pigment in red blood cells, involved in the transport of oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the body. When combined with oxygen, haemoglobin is red. Giving the erythrocytes their red colour.
They live for 120 days
They are produced in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and spleen.

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9
Q

what are white blood cells leucocytes ?

A

Contains nucleus but no haemoglobin.
They are larger and fewer in number than red blood cells.
Leucocytes can remove dead or injured cells and invading micro organisms.
They can live for a few minutes during infection to years when infection is not present.
There are 2 different types of leucocytes.
Granulocytes, which have a granular cytoplasm with a lobed nucleus.
Monocytes or lymphocytes have a spherical nucleus and an agranular cytoplasm.

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10
Q

what are platelets thrombocytes?

A

very small cell fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane,
it lacks a nucleus.
They are about ⅓ the size of an erythrocyte.
Formed in the red bone marrow
Lasts for 7 days
Important for normal blood clotting

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11
Q

how is oxygen trasnsported?

A

Oxygen is not very soluble in water (nonpolar), so only about
3% of oxygen is carried in solution in the blood plasma. The other
97% is carried in combination of haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
Hb+o2 -> Hbo2

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12
Q

when does oxygen combine with haemoglobin and when does it break down to its individual components?

A

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in situations where the oxygen levels are relatively high. This occurs in capillaries in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood from the air in the air sacs
Oxyhemoglobin breaks down to haemoglobin and oxygen in situations where the concentration of oxygen is relatively low.

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13
Q

what is oxygenated blood/

A

blood with proportions of oxyhaemoglobin. (lots of oxygen). It is bright red, arteries are bright red (except for pulmonary artery going to lung)

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14
Q

what is deoxygenated blood?

A

blood with only haemoglobin and no oxygen, it is dark red or purple, veins are dark red or purple (except for pulmonary vein to lungs)

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15
Q

why are red blood cells suited to their function of transportq

A

It contains haemoglobin which able to combine with oxygen.
The presence of haemoglobin in red blood cells increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood by about 60 - 70 x.

Has no nucleus, so more haemoglobin molecules can fit in the cell.

Shaped like biconcave disks, the biconcave centre increases the surface area for the transport of oxygen and the thick edges gives a large volume that allows room for the haemoglobin molecules.

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16
Q

how is co2 transported?

A

8% of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma and carried in solution.
Other 22% combines with the globin part of haemoglobin molecule to form carbaminohaemoglobin.
The remainder
70% is carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions, HCO3-

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17
Q

describe the transportation fo co2

A

Alveoli air sacs are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries
In the blood in these capillaries, Co2 dissolved in the plasma diffuses out of the blood into the air in the alveolus.
The carbaminohaemoglobin breaks down and the co2 molecules released diffuse into the alveolus.
Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions recombine to form carbonic acid which breaks down under enzyme action into water and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus.

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18
Q

what are arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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19
Q

what are veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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20
Q

what is a capillary

A

Capillary is a microscopic blood vessel which links arterioles and venules.

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21
Q

what is circulatioh

A

Circulation is the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels

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22
Q

what is the heart

A

The heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood.
Located slightly to the left of chest
Roughly conical in shape and is the size of closed human fist.
Membrane called the pericardium that surrounds the heart. It holds the heart in place but allows the heart to move as it beats. prevents the heart from over stretching.

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23
Q

how are nutrients and wastes transported?

A

dissolving in the blood plasma, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol.

Inorganic nutrients are transported by ions.

organic wastes that are transported in solution to the blood plasma include uric acid, urea and creatine.

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24
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk do

A

divides into two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.

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25
Q

superior vena cava

A

major vein carrying blood bringing blood to the heart form the head and upper body

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26
Q

right atrium

A

receiving chamber of deoxygenated blood that has been through the capillaries of the body

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27
Q

inferior vena cava

A

major vein bringing blood to the heart form the lower body and legs

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28
Q

semilunar valves

A

prevents back flow of blood from arteries to ventricles

29
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps blood to lungs its wall is thinner than the left ventricle wall because nit as much force is required to push blood to the lungs

30
Q

septum

A

heart muscle that separates left and right sides of the heart

31
Q

left ventricle

A

has thick muscular walls for pumping blood to the aorta and out to body

32
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

prevents back flow of blood from ventricles to the atria

33
Q

left atrium

A

receiving chamber for blood from the lungs pushes blood into ht left ventricle. oxygenated blood.

34
Q

pulmonary vein

A

brings oxygenated blood to the heart form the lungs

35
Q

aorta

A

main artery that takes blood to all parts of the body except for the lungs

36
Q

how does the circulation of lungs

A

as deoxygenated blood flows through the ca[illariew of the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air.. blood becomes oxygenated.

37
Q

circulation through the body

A

as oxygenated blood flows through the capillaries, oxygen and nutrients diffuse into the blood from the body cells and carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse from the cells into the blood. blood becomes deoxygenated.

38
Q

what are valves?

A

They are flaps of thin tissue with the edges held by tendons
When the ventricles contract the blood catches behind the flaps and they billow out, sealing off the opening between atria and ventricles.
Where the arteries leave the heart are the semilunar valves.
Semilunar valves are valves located where the arteries leave the heart, they stop blood from flowing back into the ventricles.
Each semilunar valve has 3 cups. The cups are pressed flat against the artery wall. When the blood tries to flow back into the ventricle, the cups fill out and seal off the artery.

39
Q

what is the heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute,

40
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

the volume of blood forced from a ventricle of the heart with each contraction.

41
Q

cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood leaving one of the ventricles every minute.
The cardiac output is equal to the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate.

42
Q

describe blood flow in arteries?

A

The walls of an artery contains smooth muscle and elastic fibres
When the ventricles contract and push blood into the arteries, the walls of the arteries stretch to accommodate the extra blood.
When the ventricles relax, the elastic artery walls recoil
The elastic recoil keeps the blood moving and maintains the pressure.
The muscle in the artery walls does not contract and relax to pump the blood along.
The muscle can contract to reduce the diameter of the artery and so reduce blood flow to an organ.
This is called vasoconstriction
Vasodilation is when the muscle relaxes/ dilates or local widening to increase blood flow to an organ
Very large arteries that receive blood pumped by the ventricles divide into smaller arteries. These divide into very small arteries called arterioles
Arterioles supply blood to the capillaries. They have smooth muscle in their walls
Contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the arteries are important for the blood flow within the capillaries

43
Q

describe the blood flow in veins?

A

the capillaries join into small veins called venules that join to make larger veins.
They do not have muscular walls and are not able to change their diameter in the way that arteries do. Walls of veins thinner than arteries
Blood pressure in the veins is low because the blood loses most of its pressure as it flows through the tiny capillaries. The pressure in the veins is constant so they do not have to be elastic. This is why walls of veins are thinner than arteries.
Due to the low blood pressure, many veins have valves to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
As the body exercises, muscle cells continually require energy.
Respiration in the muscle cells makes the energy available but produces large amounts of wastes, like CO2 and lactic acid.
These wastes act as vasodilators.
This results in increased blood flow through the muscle tissues, ensuring that the cells are supplied with oxygen and nutrients for continual functioning.
Cellular respiration releases a lot of heat energy, which tends to increase to blood temperature which causes an increase in heart rate.

44
Q

what is whole blood?

A

blood in the form it was in when taken from a donor, but with a chemical added to prevent clotting; used in transfusions.

45
Q

red cell concentrates

A

component of blood used in transfusions; produced by spinning blood in a centrifuge.

46
Q

platelet concenrates

A

component of blood used in transfusions

47
Q

what is cyroprecipitate

A

blood product used in transfusions; produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly.

48
Q

immunoglobins

A

group of proteins; antibodies are immunoglobulins

49
Q

immunoglobins

A

group of proteins; antibodies

50
Q

autologous transfusion

A

transfusion using the patient’s own blood.

51
Q

antigen

A

substance that is capable of stimulating the formation of a specific protein called an antibody

52
Q

antibody

A

substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it.

53
Q

what are Rh blood groups

A

Based on antigens
A person with Rh antigens is said to be Rh positive
A person without Rh antigens is Rh negative.
An individual with the antigens produces anti Rh antibody that reacts against those antigens
Rh positive individuals cannot produce anti RH antibody.

system of classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of red blood cells

54
Q

what happens when you mix blood groups

A

agglutinate
clumping together of micro-organisms or blood cells.
If the receiver’s blood contains antibodies against the antigens in the donor’s red blood cells, the foreign cells will clump together and disintegrate

55
Q

when does a person get a blood group or transfusions

A

Person suffering excessive blood loss caused by anaemia, leukaemia, haemophilia and others.

56
Q

abs blood system

A

Antibodies are produced in response to an antigen and are able to combine with the antigen that initiate the response
A person may either have antigen A or B or neither or both.
The antibody that reacts against antigen A is called anti-A and that with reacts against antigen B is called anti-B.
A person cannot produce antibodies that react against his or her own red blood cells. So, a group A person can produce only the antibody anti-B, a group B person can produce only anti-A. A group AB person cannot produce either antibody. A group O can produce both

57
Q

lymphatic system?

A

Consists of a network of lymph capillaries joined to larger lymph vessels and lymph nodes which are located along the length of some lymph vessels.
The lymphatic system is a system of vessels that drains excess fluid from the tissues. Also known as the lymph system
The main function of the system is to collect some of the fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system
It is also an important part of the body’s internal defence against disease causing organisms.

58
Q

lymph vessels

A

At the arterial end of a blood capillary, fluid tends to leak out due to the high pressure in the blood.
Some, but not all, of this fluid returns to the capillary at the venous end.
Excess fluid in the tissues is returned to the blood by the lymphatic system
This is known as the lymph.
The lymph is the colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels to be returned to the blood.
The lymph does not circulate as this system is a one way system carrying fluid away form the tissues.
The lymph vessels originate as blind ended tubed in the spaces between the cells of most tissues
Lymph capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries.
They are also more permeable than most blood capillaries.
Proteins and disease causing organisms in the intercellular fluid can easily pass through the walls of the lymph capillaries into the lymph.
The network of lymph vessels join up to form two lymphatic ducts that empty the lymph into large veins in the upper chest.

59
Q

lymph nodes

A

Lymph node is an oval or bean shaped structure found in the lymphatic vessels, it is involved in protection against infection, also called the lymph gland.
They occur at intervals along the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic vessel is a large vessel that collects lymph from the lymph capillaries, they join up and eventually return lymph to the blood
There are many of them in the neck, armpits, groin and around alimentary canal
Range in length from 1 mm to 25 mm.
Each is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue that extends into the node forming a framework
Within the framework are masses of lymphoid tissue containing cells like lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

Spaces between the cells of the lymphoid tissue are criss crossed by a network of fibres.

Lymph enters through vessels on the convex side of the node, filters through the spaces and passes out through vessels on the opposite side. Lymph passes through many nodes before entering the circulatory system.

60
Q

lymph capillary?

A

Lymph capillary is a microscopic capillary that carries lymph, it is closed at one end.

61
Q

role of lymphatic system in defence against disease?

A

Lymph entering the lymph nodes contain cell debris, foreign particles and micro-organisms that have penetrated the body’s external defences.
Some of micro-organisms causes disease and so must be destroyed.
Larger particles like bacteria are trapped in the meshwork of fibres as the lymph flows through the spaces of the nodes.
Large phagocytic cells (macrophages) destroy these particles
They ingest the particles by phagocytosis.
Projections from the macrophage surround the particle and take it into the cell, where destroyed by enzymes
Bacteria are killed within 10-30 mins.
The formation of lymphocytes increases and lymph nodes become swollen and sore when infections occur
An infected finger results in swelling and tenderness of armpits, where there are lots of lymph nodes.

62
Q

coasgulation

A

formation of a blood cot.
The formation of blood clot is complex process having large number of chemical substances or clotting factors that are present in the blood plasma
for serious injuries

63
Q

clotting factors

A

chemical substances blood plasma that are important for blood clotting.

64
Q

how does blood clot for small tears

A

in capillaries, plugging action of the platelets and constriction of the blood vessels is enough to stop bleeding.
Plates release substances that act as vasoconstrictors which enhance and prolong constriction of the damaged vessels.

The muscles in the walls of the small arteries that have been injured or broken constrict to reduce blood flow.
The internal walls of the blood vessels create a rough surface to which platelets stick, due to the damage creating a rough surface.

65
Q

how does coagulation take place in detail.

A

The formation of blood clot is complex process having large number of chemical substances or clotting factors that are present in the blood plasma

The complex series of reactions result in the formation of threads of an insoluble protein called fibrin.

The threads stick to the damaged blood vessels and hold the clot in position.

clot retraction occurs

The clot then dries forming a scab over the wound that prevents entry of micro organisms.

66
Q

fibrin?

A

Fibrin threads form a mesh that traps blood cells platelets and plasma.

Fibrin is an insoluble protein in the form of threads; form blood clots by holding blood cells, platelets and plasma together in a mesh

67
Q

what is a clot?

A

Clot is the blood cells, platelets and plasma trapped together in a mesh of fibrin

68
Q

clot retraction?

A

Clot retraction is the contraction fo the fibrous threads of a blood clot.
The network of threads contract, becoming denser and stronger and pulling the edgers of damaged blood vessels together.
As this occurs, serum is squeezed out.

69
Q

serum?

A

Serum is blood plasma without the clotting substances

Human Bio (12 decks)

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