Midterm: Modules 1-4 Flashcards
What are the four sections of the fallopian tubes?
- Interstitial
- Isthmus
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum (fimbrae)
What are the four functions of the fallopian tubes?
- Passageway for sperm to meet the ovum
- Site of fertilization
- Safe, nourishing environment for the ovum or zygote (fertilized ovum)
- Means of transporting ovum or zygote to the corpus of the uterus
What are the two functions of the ovaries?
- Production of hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
2. Stimulate maturation of an ovum during each reproductive cycle
What are the functions of the bony pelvis?
- Support and distribute body weight
- Support and protect pelvic organs
- Form the birth passageway
What is the ideal pelvis shape for a vaginal delivery?
Gynecoid
What are the Montgomery glands?
Small sebaceous glands
Secrete a substance to lubricate and protect breasts during lactation
What is the first sign of puberty for a female?
Development of breasts occurs
What are some preventative health care measures for women?
Teaching how to perform breast self-examination (BSE) Professional Breast Examination Mammography Pelvic exams Vulvar self-examination Pap smear
Does trichomoniasis cross through the placenta?
No, but can cause postpartum infection
What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?
Thin, grayish-white discharge that has a fishy odor
It is associated with preterm delivery and can infect the infant at birth
If untreated, what can chlamydia cause?
Can cause scarring in fallopian tubes
How is gonorrhea transmitted to the newborn, and what does it cause?
Transmitted to newborns eyes during birth causing ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis of the newborn)
Eye infection that occurs within the first 30 days of life.
Caught during birth by contact with the mother’s birth canal that is infected with a sexually-transmitted disease.
What can syphilis do to the baby?
Can cause congenital syphilis, stillbirth, and spontaneous abortions
This is transmitted through the placenta
What is the cause of a baby being born with laryngeal papilloma?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
When is Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 contagious?
When the vesicles are open, the virus hides in nerve cells and can reemerge
How is HIV spread to the infant?
It can be transmitted if there are breaks present in the skin of the mother and infant
As well as through breast milk, so the infant should be bottle-fed
What are some reasons for female infertility?
Ovarian factors Tubal and peritoneal factors Uterine factors Vaginal–cervical factors Isoimmunization (Rh-/Rh+)
What are some reasons for male infertility?
Can be caused by structural and hormonal disorders:
-Undescended testes
-Hypospadias
-Varicocele (varicose vein of the scrotum)
-Low testosterone levels
Substance use
What are some factors that influence choice of contraceptive methods?
Age
Health status
Religion or culture
Impact of unplanned pregnancy on the woman/family
The desire for future children (ex. IUD in for 5-10 years)
Frequency of sexual intercourse
Convenience
Expense (Birth control costing 15-30$ per month)
Number of sexual partners (ex. condoms)
What is natural family planning? (fertility awareness)
It is the learning of identifying the signs and symptoms associated with ovulation
It requires no administration of medication or the use of devices
Uses the appearance of your cervical mucous to tell you about your fertility
Failure rate of 20%
What does hormonal contraception do to the cervix/uterus?
Makes cervical mucous thick and resistant to sperm penetration.
Makes uterine endometrium less hospitable if fertilized ovum arrives
What is the acronym used for warning signs to report when taking oral contraceptives
A - abdominal pain (severe)
C - chest pain, shortness of breath, bloody sputum
H - headache (severe), weakness, numbness of extremities
E - eye problems
S - severe leg pain or swelling, speech disturbance
How soon must the morning after pill (Plan B) be taken?
Must be taken no later than 72 hours after unprotected sex
Can you become pregnant during the climacteric (perimenopausal period)
Yes, pregnancy can still occur during climateric, as this is still 2-8 years before menstruation ceases
What can biological development be influenced by?
Teratogens
Undernutrition
Smoking
What is considered the age of viability?
20 weeks of gestation, but requires NICU care to survive
How many arteries/veins are in the umbilical cord?
Two arteries carry blood away from the fetus
One vein returns blood to the fetus
What are some functions of amniotic fluid?
Maintains even temperature
Prevents amniotic sac from from adhering to the fetal skin
Allows symmetrical growth of fetus
Acts as a cushion to protect fetus and umbilical cord from injury
Explain the circulation after birth
Foramen ovale closes within 2 hours after birth (permanently by age 3 months).
Ductus arteriosus closes within 15 hours (permanently in about 3 weeks).
Ductus venosus closes functionally when cord is cut (permanently in about 1 week).
After permanent closure, the ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus become ligaments.
What are some of the presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Missed/no period Nausea Breast tenderness Deepening pigmentation Urinary frequency Fatigue and drowsiness
What are some of the probable signs of pregnancy?
Goodell sign (softening of the vagina) Chadwick sign(bluish colour of the cervix) Hegar sign(softening of the uterus) Abdominal enlargement Braxton hicks contractions Positive pregnancy test result
What are the positive signs of pregnancy?
Audible fetal heartbeat
Fetal movement felt by examiner
Ultrasound visualization of fetus
What is the five digit numeric scoring system for obstetric history?
G - Gravida (number of times a woman is or has been pregnant, regardless of the outcome)
T - Term (number of times a woman has carried a baby to birth, 37 weeks or more and delivered)
P - Preterm (number of times a woman has carried to less than 37 weeks, but more than 20 and delivered)
A - Abortion (number of times a woman has lost a pregnancy, elective or spontaneous, before 20 weeks gestation)
L - Living (number of live births/live children)
What is Nageles rule for determining the estimated due date?
Identify first day of last normal menstrual period
Count backward 3 months
Add 7 days
Update year(if applicable)
What are some common discomforts in pregnancy?
Fatigue Nasal stuffiness Nausea Heartburn Constipation Vaginal discharge Backache Leg cramps Edema of lower limbs
What is the weight gain for a woman of normal weight, overweight and obese?
Normal: 25-35lb
Overweight: 15-25lb
Obese: 11-20
What are some changes to the GI tract that may happen when pregnant?
The uterus displaces the stomach and intestines
Oral mucosa may become tender and bleed more easily
Appetite and thirst may increase
Gastric acid secretions decrease
Why is the mucous plug formed?
To prevent ascent of organisms into uterus
How much does the blood volume increase during pregnancy?
increases to 45% greater than pre-pregnant state
What are the goals of prenatal care?
Promote the health of the mother, fetus, newborn and family
Ensure a safe birth for mother and baby
Reducing risk factors and promoting good health habits
Educate self care during pregnancy
Prepare parents for parenthood
What is the recommended schedule for prenatal visits?
Conception to 28 weeks - every 4 weeks
29 to 36 weeks - 2 to 3 weeks
37 weeks to birth - weekly