8.Wakefulness and Sleep Flashcards
(45 cards)
What conclusion do researchers draw from the observation that workers on submarines are unable to adjust to a schedule of working 12 hours and resting 6 hours?
a. Workers on submarines probably need more sleep than most other people do.
b. People cut off from sunlight need more sleep than most other people.
c. Body temperature tends to decrease during times when people feel sleepy.
d. The human body generates a circadian rhythm.
d. The human body generates a circadian rhythm.
Why do people in Antarctica during the winter often find it difficult to work together?
a. Their work schedules keep them so busy that they cannot sleep enough.
b. Their circadian rhythms drift out of phase with one another.
c. After living together in close quarters for so long, they start to irritate one another.
d. They get homesick.
b. Their circadian rhythms drift out of phase with one another.
.If workers rotate between working shifts at different times of day, what would be a good way to help them adjust to the night shift?
a. Use dim lighting during the night shift.
b. Use bright lighting during the night shift.
c. Rotate from the early morning shift to the night shift, then to the late afternoon shift.
b. Use bright lighting during the night shift.
What tends to be characteristic of teenagers who are extreme “evening” types?
a. They have trouble making and keeping friendships.
b. They adjust more rapidly than average to daylight saving time in the spring.
c. They get better grades in school than their abilities would predict.
d. They get worse grades in school than their abilities would predict.
d. They get worse grades in school than their abilities would predict.
What evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?
a. Damage to the SCN disrupts the circadian rhythm.
b. SCN cells isolated from the body continue to produce a circadian rhythm.
c. Animals with a faster circadian rhythm have a larger SCN.
d. The SCN increases its activity during wakeful periods and decreases it during sleep.
b. SCN cells isolated from the body continue to produce a circadian rhythm.
Light resets the biological clock by a branch of the optic nerve, beginning with ___ and sending the input to ___.
a. rods . . . the SCN
b. cones . . . the SCN
c. a mixture of rods and cones . . . the visual cortex
d. ganglion cells that do not require input from rods or cones . . . the SCN
d. ganglion cells that do not require input from rods or cones . . . the SCN
If you want to get to sleep on time, what should you avoid?
a. Long-wavelength light late in the evening
b. Short-wavelength light late in the evening
c. Long-wavelength light early in the morning
d. Short-wavelength light early in the morning
b. Short-wavelength light late in the evening
.The proteins TIM and PER reach their highest levels ___. They ___ the activity of the genes that produce them.
a. during the day . . . stimulate
b. during the day . . . inhibit
c. at night . . . stimulate
d. at night . . . inhibit
d.at night . . . inhibit
Slow, large-amplitude EEG waves characterize which stage or stages of sleep?
a. Stage 1
b. REM sleep
c. Stage 2
d. Stages 3 and 4
d. Stages 3 and 4
Why is REM sleep also known as paradoxical sleep?
a. Activity in the left hemisphere does not match the activity in the right hemisphere.
b. We did not know it existed until its discovery in the 1950s.
c. It is deep sleep in some ways and light in others.
d. Because a pair of docs discovered it.
c. It is deep sleep in some ways and light in others.
At which time, if any, is stage 4 sleep most common?
a. Immediately after falling asleep
b. Not immediately, but during the early part of the night’s sleep
c. Near the end of the night’s sleep
d. During all parts equally
b. Not immediately, but during the early part of the night’s sleep
Of the following, which two neurotransmitters increase arousal in the brain?
a. Acetylcholine and histamine
b. Acetylcholine and GABA
c. Histamine and GABA
d. Orexin and GABA
a. Acetylcholine and histamine
Norepinephrine, released by the locus coeruleus, has which effect on behavior?
a. It prolongs wakefulness.
b. It increases attention to important information.
c. It produces dreams.
d. It inhibits synapses during sleep.
b. It increases attention to important information.
6.How do dolphins handle breathing while they are asleep?
a. They store enough oxygen to get through the night without breathing.
b. They shift to a system of gills, like those of fish.
c. They sleep with the head out of the water.
d. Half of the brain sleeps while the other remains awake enough to surface and breathe.
d. Half of the brain sleeps while the other remains awake enough to surface and breathe.
What does PGO stand for (with regard to brain function)?
a. Parasympathetic-Ganglion-Oxytocin
b. Protein-Glucose-Outcome
c. Parietal-GABA-Olfaction
d. Pons-Geniculate-Occipital
d. Pons-Geniculate-Occipital
If you awaken but find you temporarily cannot move your arms or legs, what is happening?
a. You are probably developing a severe neurological disease.
b. You are probably just being lazy.
c. You need more time to get the blood flowing to your muscles.
d. Most of your brain is awake, but part of your pons and medulla remain in REM sleep.
d. Most of your brain is awake, but part of your pons and medulla remain in REM sleep.
Of the following, which one is not associated with an increased probability of sleep apnea?
a. Having a relative with sleep apnea
b. Being female
c. Being overweight
d. Being middle-aged or older
b. Being female
Narcolepsy is linked to a deficit of which neurotransmitter?
a. Dopamine
b. GABA
c. Orexin
d. Acetylcholine
c. Orexin
When does sleepwalking usually occur?
a. During REM sleep
b. During stage 1 sleep
c. During slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4)
d. During all sleep stages equally
c. During slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4)
What do birds do about sleep during the time when they are migrating?
a. They fly during the day and sleep at night.
b. They fly at night and sleep during the day.
c. They eat during the day, fly at night, and suffer from sleep deprivation.
d. They eat during the day and fly at night, but decrease their need for sleep.
d. They eat during the day and fly at night, but decrease their need for sleep
If we want to predict how many hours a day some species sleeps, which of these questions would be most helpful in making that prediction?
a. What color is the animal?
b. Does the animal live north or south of the equator?
c. What does the animal eat?
d. How intelligent is the animal?
c. What does the animal eat?
Which of the following occurs during sleep?
a. The brain “plays back” certain experiences of the day but more slowly.
b. Certain synapses become weakened, enabling others to stand out by contrast.
c. Synapses corresponding to the experiences of the day become strengthened.
d. Overall brain activity increases.
b. Certain synapses become weakened, enabling others to stand out by contrast.
Of the following groups, which one tends to spend the highest percentage of sleep in the REM stage?
a. Infants
b. Those who sleep only a few hours per night
c. Prey animals, such as sheep and horses
d. Teenagers
a. Infants
On which of the following points do the activation-synthesis hypothesis and the clinico-anatomical hypothesis agree?
a. Dreams are disguised representations of unconscious wishes.
b. Activity from the pons is essential to the formation of dreams.
c. Dreams begin with the brain’s spontaneous activity combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses.
d. If we have enough information about a person’s recent experiences and current surroundings, we can predict the content of the dreams.
c. Dreams begin with the brain’s spontaneous activity combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses.
