9/1 cleanup Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
Hyperchylomicronemia
A
- LPL deficiency or CII deficiency
- Increased cylomicrons, TG, cholesterol
- Pancreatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, pruritic xanthomas
2
Q
Familial hypercholesterolemia
A
- Absent or defective LDL receptors
- High cholesterol, accelerated atherosclerosis, tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus
3
Q
Dysbetalipoproteinemia
A
- Defective apo e
- Absent chylomicrons and VLDL
- Premature atherosclerosis, tuberoeruptice xanthomas, canthoma striatum palmare
4
Q
Hypertryglyceridemia
A
- Hypertriglyceridemia can cause acute pancreatitis
- Hepatic overproduction of VLDL
5
Q
Methionine synthase requires what vitamin? Wha about cystathionine?
A
- Methionine:B12
- Cystathionine: B6
6
Q
Posterior wall of the ventricle is supplied by
A
PDA
7
Q
Posterior wall of left ventricle is caused by
A
Left circumflex
8
Q
Ventricular free wall rupture occurs when?
A
5-14 days after MI
9
Q
What are the main side effects of niacin
A
Flushing, hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia
10
Q
cAMP horomones
A
FLAT ChAMP
- F = FSH
- L = LH
- A = ACTH
- T = TSH
- C = CRH
- h = beta HCG
- A = ADH
- M = MSH
- P = PTH
11
Q
cGMP hormones
A
BNP, ANP, EDRF
12
Q
IP3 hormones
A
GOAT HAG
- G = GnRH
- O = Oxytocin
- A = ADH (V1)
- T = TRH
- H = Histamine
- A = Angiotensin II
- G = Gastrin
13
Q
Intracellular receptor
A
Progestrone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, T3 and T4, Vitamin D
14
Q
RTK hormones
A
Insulin, IGF1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
15
Q
Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase
A
PIGGlET
- Prolactin
- Immunomodulators
- GH
- G-CSF
- Erythropoietin
- Thrombopoietin
16
Q
The ampulla of vater is derived from what part of the pancreas?
A
Ventral bud
17
Q
What things are secreted from the body of the stomach
A
- Parietal cells: HCl, Intrinsic factor
- Chief cells: Pepsinogen
18
Q
Hormones released from the antrum
A
- D cells: Somatostatin
- Mucous cells: Mucus
- G cells: Gastrin to circulation
19
Q
Vagus nerve stimulates what cells
A
- Parietal cells
- G cells
- D cells
20
Q
What hormones are released in the duodenum?
A
- I cell: CCK
- S: Secretin
- K: GIP
21
Q
What is the pathogenesis of calculous cholecystitis?
A
Most common type and is caused by gallstone impaction in cystic duct resulting in inflammation; can cause secondary infection
22
Q
What is acalculous cholecystitis?
A
Due to gallbladder stasis, hypoperfusion or infection(CMV); seen in critically ill patients
23
Q
What are the H2 blockers
A
Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine
24
Q
Proton pump inhibitors
A
Omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, dexlansoprazole
25
What is fibromyalgia
Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain aassociated with tender points, stiffness, parethesias, poor sleep, fatigue, cognitive disturbance
26
What is some illness anxiety disorder?
Excessive preoccupation with acquiring or having an illness, despite reassurance and eval
27
Treatments for narcolepsy
Daytime stimulants, nighttime sodium oxybate
28
Potency of estrogen types in order
Estradiol\>estrone\>estriol
29
What are the types of androgens and where are they produced?
DHT and testosterone (Both in the testes), Androstenedione (ADrenal)
30
Number 1 risk factor for cervical invasive carcinoma
Multiple sexual partners....... hten smoking, early intercourse, HIV infection
31
Fibrocystic changes of the breast?
Premenopausal women over 35 which presents with premenstrual breast pain or lumps; often bilateral and multifocal. Nonproliferative lesions include papillary apocrine change/metaplasia, stromal fibrosis.
32
Sclerosin adenosis
Acini and stromal fibrosis, associated with calcifications
33
Epithelial hyperplasia
Cells in terminal ductal or lobular epithelium causing increased risk of carcinoma with atypical cells
34
What is the pathophysiology of inflammatory breast cancer
Dermal lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma leading to peau d'orange; neoplastic cells block lymphoatic drainage
35
Methemoglobin treatment
Methemoglobinemia can be treated with methylene blue and vitamin C
36
Carboxygemoglobin
Hb bound with CO leading to decreased oxygen binding capacity with left shift
37
Adenocarcinoma mutations
KRAS, EGFR, ALK
38
Define lead time bias
Early detection is confused with increased survival
39
What do alcohols do for disenfection?
Denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
40
What things are sporicidal
Hydrogen peroxide, iodine and iodophores, autoclave
41
What robertsonian translocation occurs that causes down syndrome
Between 14 and 21
42
Osteogenesis imperfecta featuers
* Multiple fractures with minimal trauma; may occur during the birth process
* Blue sclera due to translucent connective tissue over choroidal veins
* Some forms have tooth abnormalities including opalescent teeth that wear easily due to lack of dentin
* Hearing loss
43
Ehlers Danlos features
* Hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed and hypermobile joints
* Classical type: caused by a mutation in type V collagen
* Vascular type: Type 3 collagen deficiency
* Hypermobility type: Most common
44
RET gene disorders
Men2a and Men2b
45
Pringle maneuver
Ligament may be compressed between thumb and index finger placed in omental foramen to control bleeding
46
What is the cause of physiologic neonatal jaundice
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
47
Busulfan
* Cross link DNA
* CML also used to ablate patients bone marrow before bone marrow transplantation
* Severe myelosuppression, pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation
48
Person has noise induced hearing loss, what sounds should come back first
High frequency
49
What are the issues afoot with klinefelter syndrome
* Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules leading to decreased inhibin B and increased FSH
* Abnormal leydig cell function leads to decreased testosterone and increased LH and increased estrogen
50
What are the risks of blood transfusion
* Possible infection transmission
* Transfusion reactions
* Secondary hemochromatosis
* Hypocalcemia (citrate chelates Ca2+)
* Hyperkalemia
51
52
What is produced by eosinophils?
* Histaminase
* MBP
* Eosinophil peroxidase
* Eosinophil cationic protein
* Eosinophil derived neurotoxin
53
Specific granueles of neutrophils
* Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
* collagenase
* lysozyme
* lactoferrin
54
Azurophillic granules
* Proteinases
* Acid phosphatase
* myeloperoxidase
* beta-glucuronidase
55
What is the major cause of neuronal death in huntington disease
NMDA=R binding and glutamate excitotoxicity
56
Difference between metachromatic leukodystrophy and adrenoleukodystrophy
* Metachromatic leukodystrophy - AR lysosomal storage disease where formed myelin is destroyed by buildup of sulfatides
* Adrenoleukodystrophy - VLCFA leading to build up in nervous system, adrenal gland, testes, leading to progressive disease leading to long term coma/death
57
Mirabegron
Beta3 agonist for urinary urge incontinence and overactive bladder
58
D1 vs D2 receptors
* D1 = relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle, activates direct striatum
* D2 = Modulates transmitter release in the brain, inhibits direct striatum
59
General side effects of vancomycin
NOT trouble free
* Nephrotoxicity
* Ototoxicity
* Thrombophlebitis
60
Which is the only NRTI that is a nucleotide rather than a nucleoside
Tenofovir
61
NRTIs
Abacavir, Didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir, zodovudine
62
Integrase inhibitors have what toxicity
Creatinine kinase increase
63
Chloroquine adverse effects
Retinopathy, pruritis
64
Drugs used for mite therapy
Permethrin, malathion, lindane
65
Mech of sofosbuvir
* HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase acting as a chain terminator
* Can cause fatigue, headache, nausea
66
Mech of ribavirin
* HepC Inhibit synthesis of guanine nucleotides
* Hemolyric anemia, teratogenic
67
Simeprevir mech
* HVC protease inhibitor preventing replication
* Photosensitivity, rash
68
HLAb5701
Abacavir
69
Use of amoxicillin, ampicillin, aminopenicillins
HHELPSS
* H flu
* H pylori
* E coli
* Listeria
* Proteus
* Salmonella
* Shigella
70
Daptinomycin mech and AE
* Disrupts cell membrane of gram + cocci with transmembrane channels
* Causes myopathy and rhabdomyolysis
71
Prophylaxis for endocarditis for surgical or dental procedures
Amoxicillin
72
Prophylaxis for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
73
Pregnant woman carrying group B strep prophylaxis
Penicillin g or amp
74
Isoniazid adverse effects
* Hepatotoxicity
* Druge induced SLE
* Anion gap acidosis
* Vitamin B6 deficiency
* ALWAYS ADMINISTER WITH B6
75
Amphotericin adverse effects
Hypotension, nephrotoxicity, arrythmias, anemia, IV phlebitis ALWAYS HYDRATE WITH AMPHO
76
Second generation cephalosporins
Fake Fox Fur, cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime
77
First line for absense seizures
* Ethosuximide, but lamotrigine can work
78
First line for status epilepticus
* Acute: Benzos
* Prophylaxis: Phenytoin, fosphenytoin
79
Tonic clonic seizures first line
* Phenytoin, fosphoymcin or Valproic acid
80
Partial seizure first line
Carbamazepine
81
Topirimate side effects
Sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss, glaucoma
82
Vigabatrin mechanism and AE
Gaba increase by inihibiting transaminase, leading to permanent visual loss
83
Order type 1 antiarrythmics in terms of Na+ channel affinity
1C, 1A, 1B
84
Dihydropryidines treat what
Hypertension, angina (including prinzmetal) raynaud phenomenon
85
NImodipine is for....
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
86
Nicardipine, clevidipine:
Hypertensive urgency and emerghency
87
Non-Dhps treat
Hypertension, angina, atrial fibrilation
88
PCSK9 inhibitors use
Decreased LDL by inactivation of LDL receptor degradation
Can cause myalgias, delirium, dementia
89
Acute treatment of serotonin syndrome
Cyproheptadine
90
Within 2 weeks of MI, what are the major complications occur?
* Free wall rupture, tamponade
* Papillary muscle rupture leading to mitral regurg
* LV pseudoaneurysm
91
Cilostazol and dipyridamole
* PDE inhibitors in platelets leading to inhibition of aggregation and vasodilation
* Causes nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotension, abdominal pain
92
Ticlopidine AE
Neutropenia
93
What are some indications of familial forms of alzheimer disease
Presenilin1 and 2, APP
94
Clozapine mechanism
Agranulocytosis, seizures
95
Risperidone mechanism
Hyperprolactinemia
96
Terbutaline and ritodrine
Beta 2 agonists to relax th uterus and used for contraction decrease frequency for women in labor
97
Icosahedral virus parts
Surface protein, lipid bilayer, capsid, nucleic acid
98
Enveloped helical capsid components
Lipid bilayer, surface protein, helical nucleocapsid with inegrated RNA
99
Teriperatide
* Recombinant PTH to increase osteoblast activity
* Increased risk of osteosarcoma and transient hypercalcemia
100
Smoked foods lead to what cancer
Gastric cancer
101
Cincalcet
Causes increased sensitivity of the calcium sensing receptor of the parathyroid gland to help in hyperparathyroidism
102
TTP pathogenesis
ADAMTS13 inhibition leading to vWF multimers and resultant shistocytes
103
Dactinomycin mechanism
Intercalates into DNA to deal with wilms tumor, ewings sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma childhood tumors
104
Bleomycin
* Free radical formation
* Testicular cancer and hodgkin lymphoma
* Fibrosis, hyperpigmentation, minimal myelosuppression
105
Erysipelas
Infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, usually from Strep pyogenes
106
Pyruvate carboxylase activators
Biotin, ATP, acetyl-CoA
107
PEP carboxykinase activator
GTP
108
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase activators and inhibitors
* + Citrate
* - AMP, F26BP
109
Regulators of hexo/glukokinase
* Inhibited by glucose 6 p: Hexokinase
* Inhibited by Fructose 6 p: Glucokinase
110
Glycogenesis activation
* G6Phosphate
* Insulin
* Cortisol
111
Glycogenesis inhibition
Epinephirine and glucagon
112
Glycogenolysis activation
Epi, glucagon, AMP
113
Glycogenolysis inhibiition
G6P, insulin, ATP
114
FA synthesis activators and inihibitors
* Activation: Insulin, citrate
* Inhibition: Glucagon, palmytoil CoA
115
ATP and GTP play what role in protein synthesis
ATP activates but GTP translocates
116
Areas that have both Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase
Liver ovaries and seminal vesicles
117
Cimetidine adverse effects
Inhibit P450, antiandrogenic effects (prolactin release, gynecomastia ,impotence, decreased libido in males), crosses blood brain barrier and causes confusion and headaches, and crosses the placenta, decreases creatinine
118
Aluminum hydroxide side effects
Proximal muscle weakness, osteodystrophy, seizures
119
Magnesium hydroxide
Diarrhea, hyporeflexia, hypotension, cardiac arrest (from excess magnesium)
120
Metoclopramide
* D2 antagonist leading to increased resting tone, contractility, LES tone, motiliy, promotes gastric emptying
* AE: Parkinsonian effects, tardive dyskinesia, restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, depression, diarrhea
121
Doxorubicin and danorubicin mech and AE
* Free radicals and DNA intercolation
* Solid tumors, leukemias and lymphomas
* AE: Cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, alopecia
122
How do you treat the cardiotoxicity in Doxorubicin and daunorubicin
Dexrazoxane
123
What is the presentation of langerhans histiocytosis
* Childhood presentation of lytic bone lesions and skin rash
* Recurrent otitis media with mass in mastoid bone
124
What is the pathogenesis of langerhans histiocytosis
Cells are funcitonally immature and do not effectively stimulate primary T cells via androgen presentation. Birbeck granules are characteristic
125
Markers for langerhans histiocytosis
S100, CD1a, Birbeck granules
126
Neurologic side effects of phenytoin and fosphenytoin
* Nystagmus
* diplopia
* ataxia
* sedation
* peripheral neuropathy
127
Dermatologic side effects of phenytoin and fosphenytoin
* hirsutism
* DRESS syndrome
128
Reproductive side effects of phenytoin and fosphenytoin
* Teratogenesis
* P450 induction
129
What is the order of appearance of EPS
ADAPT
* **A**cute **d**ystonia
* **A**kasthesia, **P**arkinsonism
* **T**ardive dyskinesia
130
What are the major side effects of SSRIs
GI distress, SIADH, sexual dysfunction
131
P450 inducers
* Chronic alcohol
* St Johns wort
* Phenytoin
* Phenobarbital
* Nevirapine
* Rifampin
* Griseofulvin
* Carbamazepine
132
P450 inhibitors
* Sodium valproate
* Isoniazid
* Cimetidine
* Ketoconazole
* Fluconazole
* Acute alcohol
* Chloramphenicol
* Erythromycin
* Sulfonamides
* Cipro
* Omeprazole
* Metronidazole
133
Montelukast and zafirlukast mechansim
Antagonism of LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 receptors
134
Zileuton mechanism
5LOX inhibition
135
Purkinje cells function
Output from deep nuclei of cerebellum to contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar pedunkle
136
Cerebellar input
* Contralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle input
* Ipsilateral proprioceptive information via inferior cerebellar peduncle from spinal cord
137
Why does the pupil blow out when you injure cranial nerve III
Parasympathetic output goes through this nerve
138
What is the major use of aminoglycosides
Gram negative rod infections, synergistic with beta lactams
Neomycin for bowel surgery
139
What are some adverse effects of cephalosporins
* Hypersensitivity
* Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
* Disulfiram reaction
* vitamin K deficiency
140
Adverse effects of azoles
Testosterone synthesis inhibition, liver dysfunction
141
What is the mech of azoles
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the P450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol
142
Terbinafine mechanism
Inhibit fungal enzyme squaline epoxidase
143
Echinocandin mechanism
Inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting beta glucan
144
Griseofulvin mech
Interfere with microtubule funciton to distrupt mitosis, depositing in keratin containing tissues
145
Number needed to treat
NNT = 1/ARR
146
Number needed to harm
NNH = 1/AR
147
Attributable risk
difference in risk between the exposed and unexposed groups
148
Relative risk
Used in cohort studies. RIsk of developing disease in exposed divided by the risk of developing disease in unexposed group
149
Hair differences in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
* Hypo: Cool skin and coarse brittle hair (hippos are thick)
* Hyper: Warm moist skin with fine hair (not enough time to get thick)
150
What is the feature that gives away a thyroid CARCINOMA
Capsular invasion C = Carcinoma
151
What nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
* Median nerve leading to paresthesia, pain and numbness in distribtion of median nerve
152
Fall on outstretched hand brakes what bone
Scaphoid
153
Dislocation of what bone can cause carpal tunnel
Lunate
154
What is the cause of ape hand?
Damage to the recurrent branch of the median nerve usually from palmar laceration meaning that there is loss of thenar muscle group, opposition, abduction, and flexion of the thumb
155
Why is the syncytiotrophoblast at particular risk for attack by the maternal immune system
It lacks MHC1 expression
156
Rock hard mass with sharp margins and small glandular cells
Invasive ductal carcinoma
157
What stones can you see on X ray?
* Calcium
* Ammonium magnesium phosphate
158
MUDPILES
* Methanol
* Uremia
* DKA
* Propylene glycol
* Iron tablets or INH
* Lactic acidosis
* Ethylene glycol
* Salicylates (late)
159
HARDASS
* Hyperalimentation
* Addison
* RTA
* Diarrhea
* Acetazolamide
* Spironolactone
* Saline infusion
160
ATII receptor blockers
Lostartan SARTANS
161
Competitive antagonists of aldosterone receptors
Spinronolact**one** and epleren**one**
162
Blockers of Na+ channels in the cortical collecting tubule
Tramterene and amilioride
163
Features of transcortical motor aphasia
Nonfluent speech but intact comprehension
164
Transcortical sensory aphasia features
Fluent speech but impaired comprehension
165
Transcortical mixed aphaisa features
Nonfluent speech and impaired and comprehension impaired
166
How long does it take for glycogen to be depleted
1 day
167
What reactions take place in the mitochondria
Fatty acid oxidation
AcetylcoA production
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Ketogenesis
168
What reactions take pace in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis, HMP shunt, steroid synthesis, proteins, fatty acids, cholesterol, and nucleotides
169
What takes place in both mitochondria and cytoplasm
Heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis
170
Superinfection of Hep B and D vs Coinfection in terms of incubation time
B and D superinfection has a much shorter incubation period
171
172
NNRTIs
Delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine
173
Octreotide
* Somatostatin analog; inhibits secretion of various splanchnic vasodilatory hormones
* Acute vericeal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumors
* Nausea cramps steatorrhea, increased risk of cholelithiasis due to CK inhibition
174
Which kind of herniation leads to CNIII
Uncal herniation
175
Leuprolide
GnRH analog with agonist properties when used in pulsatile fashion and antagonist properties when used in continuous fashion
176
Tuberus sclerosis symptoms
HARMARTOMAS
* H: Hamartomas in CNS and skin
* Angiofibromas
* Mitral regurg
* Ash leaf spots
* Rhabdomyoma
* Tuberous sclerosis
* autosomal dOminant
* Mental retardation
* renal Angiomyolipoma
* Seizures
* Shagreen patches
177
NF2
AD, bilateral acousic schwannomas, juvenile cataracts, meningiomas, ependymomas
178
5 alpha reductase deficiency
46 XY
* female external genitalia with scant axillary and pubic hair, rudimentary vagina; uterus and fallopian tubes absent
* Normal functioning testes
* Internal genitalia are normal
179
Ethambutol mechanism
Decreased carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterium cell wal by blocking arabinosyltransferase
180
Rifampin mechanism
inhibit DNA dependent RNA polymerase
181
IOU what does this mean
Inferior oblique tested looking UP
182
Direct thrombin inhibitors
Bivalrudin, argatroban, dabigatran
183
Use of direct thrombin inhibitors
Venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, possibly heparin induced thrombocytopenia
184
185
Difference between first and second generation sulfonylureas
* First: disulfiram like reactions
* Second: Hypoglycemia
186
GLP1 analogs
Exenatide, liraglutide
187
Colorectal cancer presentation areas
Rectosigmoid more than ascending more than descending
188
Orlistat
* INhibitor of pancreatic and gastric lipase
* Causes steatorrhea and decreases absorption of fat soluble vitamins
189
What is indicated by suppression via high dose dexamethasone
Cushing disease
190
Things that cause warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
SLE and CLL and with certain drugs
191
192
Intravenous anesthetics
Thiopental, midazolam, ketamine, propofol, opioids
193
Inhaled anesthetic that causes:
* Hepatotoxicity:
* Nephrotoxicity
* Convulsions:
* Hepatotoxicity: Halothane
* Nephro: Methoxyflurane
* Proconvulsant: Enflurane
194
Side effects of low potency antipsychotics
Anticholinergic, antihistamine, anti alpha 1
195
Which atypical antipsychotic causes obesity
Olanzapine
196
Side effects of atypical antipsychotics
Prolonged QT, fewer EPS and anticholinergic side effects
197
Anti louse antibiotics mech
PML (permethrin, malathion, lindane) NAG (Na, Ache, GABA, blockade)
198
Odansetron mech
* 5HT3 antagonist, decrease vagal stim to be an antiemetic
* AE: Headache, constipation, QT prolongation, serotonin syndrome
199
Vancomycin use
Gram + only, including MRSA
200
Aztreonam uses
Gram - rods, no activity against gram +
201
Carbapenems use
Gram + cocci and gram - rods as well as anaerobes
202
1st gen cephalosporins use
PEcK
Proteus, e coli, klebsiella
203
2nd gen cephalosporin uses
HENS PEck
* H flu
* Enterobacter aerogenes
* Neisseria
* Serratia
* Proteus
* E coli
* Klebsiella
204
Clindamycin uses
Anaerobes in aspiration mneumonia, lung abscesses, oral infections
205
Anaerobic infections above and below the diaphragm
Metro = below, clinda = above
206
207
Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
* K cells
* Decreases H+ secretion, increases insulin
* Increased by fatty acids, amino acids, oral glucose
* Also known as GIP
208
Trimethoprim mech and AE
* Inhibit DHF reductase in bacteria
* AE: Megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia
* TREATS MARROW POORLY
209
Sulfonimides mech and AE
* Mech: Dihydropteroate synthase
* AE: Photosensitivity, SJS, hemolysis if G6PD deficient, kernicterus
210
Fenlodopam
* D1 agonist leading to coronary peripheral, renal and splanchnic vasodilation
* Increased natriuresis
* Can cause hypotension and tachycardia
211
Symptoms of kawasaki disease
CRASH and burn
* Conjunctival injection
* Rash
* Adenopathy
* Strawberry tongue
* Hand foot changes
* Fever
212
Symptoms of giant cell arteritis
Usually elderly females having unilateral headach, jaw claudication leading to irreversible blindness due to opthalmic artery occlusion, associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
213
Takayasu arteritis
Pulseless disease (weak upper extremity pulses), fever, night sweats, arthritis, myalgias, skin nodules, ocular disturbances. Granulomatous thickening and narrowing of aortic arch and proximal great vessels
214
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Triad of focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerulonephritis. PR3-ANCA/cANCA. CXR shows nodular densities
215
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Asthma, sinusitis, skin nodules or purpura with peripheral neuropathy showing MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA, increased IgE, and granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilia
216
Henoch shonlein purpura
Triad of skin (palpable purpura on buttocks/legs), arthralgias, GI (abdominal pain), caused by IgA immune complex deposition
217
Primary hypertension treatment
* Thiazide diuretics
* ACE inhibitors
* Angiontensin II blockers
* DHP calcium channel blockers
218
Hypertension with heart failure treatment
* Diuretics
* ACE inhibitors/ARBs
* Beta blockers (compensated HF)
* ALdosterone antagonists
219
Hypertension with diabetes mellitus medications
* ACE inhibitors/ARBs
* Ca2+ channel blockers
* Thiazide diuretics
* Beta blockers
220
Hypertension in pregnancy medications
Hydralazine, lebetalol, mehyldopa, nifedipine
221
Amylin analogs action
* Mech: decreased gastric emptying, decreased glucagon
* Pramlintide
222
Acarbose and miglitol
Inhibit brush border alpha glucosidases, decreased carbohydrate hydrolysis and glucose absorption leading to decreased postprandial hyperglycemia
223
Gliptans
Inhibit DPP4 enzyme that deactivates GLP1
224
GLP1 function
Increased glucose dependent insulin release, decreased glucagon release, decreased gastric emptying, increased satiety
225
Sulfonylureas mech
Close K+ channel leading to insulin release
226
Things that cause crescentig glomerulonephritis
* Goodpasture syndrome: type II hypersensitivity reaction; antibodies to GBM and alveolar basement membrane
* Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener): cANCA/PR3-ANCA
* Microscopic polyangiitis: MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA
227
Type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
secondary to hep B or C infection
228
Membranous nephropathy
Most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome. Can be caused by antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor or secondary to drugs, infections, SLE, or solid tumors
229
Diabetic glomerulonephropathy features
* Nonenzymatic glycosylation of GBM leading to increased permeabilityt and thickening
* Common cause of end-stage renal disease in the united states
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