9 & 10

Question 1

This means the degree to which changes in the DV (Effects) can be attributed to the IV (Cause)

Answer 1

Internal Validity

Question 2

6 types of threats to internal validity

Answer 2

Selection bias
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation Change
Mortality

Question 3

This exists when study results are attributed to the experimental treatment, when in fact results are dt differences among subjects even before the treatment.

Answer 3

Selection Bias

Question 4

This occurs when some events besides the experimental treatment take place during the course of the study and affect or influence the DV

Answer 4

History

Question 5

This takes place when changes within the subjects occur during the experimental study and thus may influence study results

Answer 5

Maturation

Question 6

Possible testing threat in studies in which a pre-test is a requisite. Influence of the pre-test.

Answer 6

Testing

Question 7

The existence of a difference between pre-test and post-test results caused by change in the accuracy of the instrument

Answer 7

Instrumentation Change

Question 8

This happens when a difference exists between the subject dropout rates of either the experimental group and the control group

Answer 8

Mortality (Attrition)

Question 9

This is the degree to which study results can be influenced or affected by external factors

Answer 9

External Validity

Question 10

4 types of threats to external validity

Answer 10

Hawthorne Effect
Experimenter Effect
Reactive effect of the pre-test
Halo effect

Question 11

This occurs when study participants respond in a particular manner, or there is obvious change of behaviour because they are aware that they are being observed

Answer 11

Hawthorne effect by Henry A Landsberger

Question 12

To deal with the Hawthorne effect, they must be handled by having a _. Then administer a _ to that group.

Answer 12

Control group
Placebo

Question 13

This refers to when the subject does not know whether he/she is receiving the treatment or a placebo

Answer 13

Blind Experiment

Question 14

This refers to a threat to the study, which results when the researcher’s behaviour influences the behaviour of the subjects

Answer 14

Experimenter Effect

Question 15

Occurs when the subjects have been sensitised to the treatment by taking the pre-test and thereafter influence the post-test results

Answer 15

Reactive effect of the pre-test

Question 16

The impression influences the outcome

Answer 16

Halo effect

Question 17

To minimize the threats to external validity or to remove the observer’s bias

Answer 17

Double blind method

Question 18

Neither the observer knows the specific objective or the specific subjects who belong to experimental and control group

Answer 18

Double blind method

Question 19

Is used to determine the extent or bias between two observers as they both observe and record.

Answer 19

Double observer method

Question 20

Extent to which the measurements used

Answer 20

Construct validity

Question 21

5 types of threats to Construct Validity

Answer 21

Reactivity to the study situation
Researcher expectancies
Novelty effects
Compensatory effects
Treatmenr Diffusion or Contamination

Question 22

People’s response reflect = perceptions become part of the treatment contruct

Answer 22

Reactivity to the study situation

Question 23

Researchers influence subjects by subtle/not so subtle communication about desired outcomes

Answer 23

Researcher Expectancies

Question 24

Treatment is new = alterations on researchers and subjects behaviour

Answer 24

Novelty effects

Question 25

Two types of compensatory effects

Answer 25

Compensatory equalization Compensatory rivalry

Question 26

Trying to compensate for the failure to receive a perceived beneficial treatment

Answer 26

Compensatory equalization

Question 27

CG members desire to demonstrate thay they can do as well as those receiving special treatment

Answer 27

Compensatory rivalry

Question 28

Treatment conditions can get blurred. Occur when participants receive services similar to those available in the treatment condition

Answer 28

Treatment diffusion or contamination

Question 29

This occurs when the treatment group condition put themselves in the control group by dropping out.

Answer 29

Blurring

Question 30

Establishing causality= relationship between IV and DV

Answer 30

Threats to Statistical validity

Question 31

Used to support inferences about whether a rs exist

Answer 31

Statistical methods

Question 32

3 types of threats to statistical conclusion validity

Answer 32

Low statistical power Restriction of range Unreliable implemenation of a treatment

Question 33

Able to detect true rs.

Answer 33

Statistical power

Question 34

Achieved through accurate measuring tools and powerful statistical method

Answer 34

Precision (Statistical power)

Question 35

Limits the generalizabity of research findings

Answer 35

Restriction of range

Question 36

Restriction of range of values on outcome variables =

Answer 36

Attenuated

Question 37

Implementation of intervention is faithful

Answer 37

Unreliable implementation of a treatment Intervention fidelity/treatment fidelity

Question 38

Assess whether the treatment was in place

Answer 38

Unreliable Implementation of a treatment; Manipulation check

Question 39

Participants' performance quality

Answer 39

Unreliable implementation of a treatment; Enactment

Question 40

Participants fail to receive the desired intervention dt lack _

Answer 40

Unreliable implementation of a treatment; Treatment adherence

Question 41

Instrumentation can be weakened by various factors, which researchers can often influence

Answer 41

Unreliable Implementation of a treatment