9/11 & 9/16-Foundations of Assessment

Question 1

What is the definition of Assessment?

Answer 1

the process of collecting valid and reliable information, integrating it, and interpreting it to make a judgment or decision about something

Question 2

What is a “good” assessment? (5 things)

Answer 2

• a good assessment is thorough
• a good assessment uses a variety of assessment modalities
• a good assessment is valid
• a good assessment is reliable
• a good assessment is tailored to the individual client

Question 3

What are the 7 steps in completing an assessment?

Answer 3

• obtain historical information
• interview
• oral peripheral examination
• sample and evaluate the client’s speech/language abilities and/or swallowing abilities
• screen hearing
• evaluate assessment information to determine conclusions and recommendations
• share clinical findings

Question 4

What is the definition of validity?

Answer 4

the test truly measures what it claims to measure

Question 5

What are the different types of validities?

Answer 5

• face validity
• content validity
• construct validity **
• criterion validity (concurrent & predictive)

Question 6

What is face validity?

Answer 6

it appears to measure what it claims based on appearance and judgment

Question 7

what is content validity?

Answer 7

the completeness of the test— ie: a valid artic test will look @ ALL the English phonemes

Question 8

What is construct validity?

Answer 8

the ability to measure a predetermined theoretical construct
–a widely accepted standard**

Question 9

What is criterion validity

Answer 9

based on external criteria

there is concurrent and predictive criterion validity

Question 10

what is concurrent validity?

Answer 10

tests the validity compared to a widely accepted standard

Question 11

What is predictive validity?

Answer 11

given a later situation or a later time it predicts what will happen (ie: GRE predicts how well you will do in grad school)

Question 12

What is reliability?

Answer 12

results are replicable; consistent results on repeated administrations

Question 13

what is test-retest reliability?

Answer 13

a tests stability over time

Question 14

what is split-half reliability?

Answer 14

compare 1/2 of the test to the other 1/2 of the test.. the two sides should be consistent

Question 15

What is rater reliability?

Answer 15

same person or different person should be able to obtain similar result, especially w/ standardized assessments!

Question 16

What should standardized tests include?

Answer 16

• purpose of the test
• test construction and development
• administration and scoring procedures
• normative sample group/statistical information
• test reliability
• test validity

Question 17

What is the most important take away about assessment?

Answer 17

Pick the tool appropriate for your work setting

Question 18

What are norm assessments?

Answer 18

Standardized assessments where client is compared to the average

Question 19

What is the mean?

Answer 19

average score & it determines the peak of a bell shape curve

Question 20

What is the mode?

Answer 20

most frequent score

Question 21

What is the median?

Answer 21

middle score

Question 22

What is standard deviation?

Answer 22

The distribution away from the group average

Question 23

In a normal distribution bell curve what percentage of people will fall within 1 SD away from the mean?

Answer 23

68% (34% on each side)

Question 24

In a normal distribution bell curve what percentage of people will fall within 2 SD away from the mean?

Answer 24

95% (47.5% on each side)

Question 25

In a normal distribution bell curve what percentage of people will fall within 3 SD away from the mean?

Answer 25

99% (49.85% on each side)

Question 26

Why is SD so important for qualifying for services?

Answer 26

You must have 2 test scores that result in less than or greater than 2 SD from the mean in order to qualify for services

Question 27

What is the z score?

Answer 27

- Standard score - It is a way of standardizing each score with reference to the rest of the scores - Tells how many standard deviations the raw score is from the mean - Shows where individual score lies along continuum of bell-shaped curve- how different score is from the average

Question 28

What is the percentile rank?

Answer 28

- Another way of expressing individual standing compared to normal distributions - The mean represents 50th percentile - Tells percentage of people scoring at or below a given score

Question 29

In order for a child to qualify for services in the school district they have to be below what standard score?

Answer 29

75

Question 30

What is the stanine?

Answer 30

AKA- standard nine - Based in a line unit scale where 5 depicts average performance (on a scale of 1-10) - score based on average - Most people (54%) score stanines of 4, 5, 6 - Few people (8%) score stanines of 1 or 9

Question 31

What do standardized assessments give us?

Answer 31

- percentiles - standard scores - standard deviations

Question 32

What makes a test standardized?

Answer 32

They have been: - normed - tested - they have reliability - they have validity

Question 33

What is criterion-referenced tests?

Answer 33

- Identifies what a client can/cannot do compared to a predefined criterion

Question 34

T/F In a criterion referenced test you are comparing your clients skills to someone else

Answer 34

False ** this is a child who is preschool and he is at a 3 year old level. What would be my expectations of him and how does he deviate from what is expected from him?

Question 35

T/F Criterion referenced tests may or may not be standardized

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What type of client is criterion referenced tests used primarily for?

Answer 36

- Neurological disorders - fluency - voice - aspects of articulation/language

Question 37

What is authentic assessment approach?

Answer 37

- Alternative assessment or nontraditional assessment

Question 38

Describe the environment for an authentic assessment approach?

Answer 38

- a realistic environment - ongoing - requires more clinical skill, experience and creativity

Question 39

What is the code of fair testing practices in education?

Answer 39

- We need to follow the established procedures - Accomodate those with disabilities - Accomodate those with cultural differences - Selecting appropriate tests - administering and scoring tests - reporting and interpreting rest results - informing test takers of the results of the assessment - Guidelines for how long records need to be kept in locked cabinet - test takers also have the right to obtain all copies of records

Question 40

What does the code of ethics say for SLPs?

Answer 40

- You need to have a high standard of integrity and ethical principles - Promote public understanding - uphold dignity and autonomy - be professional - don't do something you don't have the qualification, education or skills to do