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bio 220 > 9/20 quiz vocab > Flashcards

9/20 quiz vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

endangered species example

A

Florida panther

caused by: poaching, vehicle collisions, habitat loss, and fragmentation

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2
Q

extinction vortex

A

cycle of factors worsening extinction status

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3
Q

in extinction, drift can increase…

A

inbreeding load

can increase the frequency of deleterious alleles

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4
Q

example of morphological sign of inbreeding

A

kinked tails in florida panthers

88% had them in florida, only 9% in other cougar species

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5
Q

what does increase in genetic variation allow for?

A

better survival of the species

can better withstand disease or deleterious alleles

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6
Q

what mechanisms of evolution did cheetahs experience?

A

genetic drift, bottleneck, and inbreeding

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7
Q

allopatry

A

different geographic locations

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8
Q

sympatry

A

same geographic location

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9
Q

biological species concept

A

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations (not domesticated or captured) that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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10
Q

what is the biological species concept largely based on?

A

reproductive isolation!

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11
Q

limitations of biological species concept

A

1) problematic for species that can’t feasibly be tested for reproductive isolation (spatial/temporal differences)

2) issues with getting species to mate in artificial conditions

3) hybridization is more common than we think

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12
Q

steps of speciation

A

1) genetic isolation
2) divergence of traits accumulate
3) reproductive isolation

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13
Q

vicariance

A

physical barrier causing dispersal

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14
Q

geological events

A

river formation, mountain ranges rising, continental drift

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15
Q

example of vicariance by climate change

A

Pleistocene period

cycle of glacial and interglacial periods that can lead to refugia and separate populations

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16
Q

refugium

A

places that isolated populations of once widespread species survive major environmental changes

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17
Q

species that experienced speciation by climate change vicariance

A

toucanets

found glacial period refugia in separating forest canopies, but as they disconnected the species behaviorally wouldn’t fly to other areas and they speciated

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18
Q

continental drift

A

movement of landmasses on the earth’s surface

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19
Q

consequences of continental drift on ecological systems

A

creates and breaks down barriers for dispersal

weather impacted as positioning of continents and major oceans influences weather patterns

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20
Q

examples of vicariance by continental drift

A

pangaea (one large)
->
gondwana and laurasia (two regions)
->
n/s america, africa, asia, antarctica (5 regions)

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21
Q

population impacted by continental drift for speciation

A

ratites - type of flightless bird

hypothesized they lived together in gondwana but as it fragmented, they were split apart and then speciated

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22
Q

genetic isolation can occur by…

A

physical barriers (vicariance), dispersal, or genetic barriers

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23
Q

dispersal example

A

islands or “sky islands”

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24
Q

what are sky islands

A

mountain tops for alpine species with extreme arid climate in valleys between

species don’t behaviorally move from mountain top to mountain top because of these climate differences

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25
examples of genetic barriers to disperal
polyploidy, major chromosomal changes, other genetic changes
26
genetic barrier to dispersal meaning
egg and sperm can't fertilize each other
27
polyploidy problem
incompatible amounts of chromosomes
28
example of genetic isolation by genetic barrier
tree frogs Hyla versicolor = tertaploidy, H. chrysosceli = diploid versicolor likely originated from chrysoscelia genome duplication morphologically identical but different mating calls
29
diverge
accumulation of differences from each other (when populations have separated)
30
what can cause mutations to become fixed/lost in different populations?
selection and/or genetic drift
31
many species ____ reach full reproductive isolation
DON'T hybridization can happen more often than we may think
32
what are the classifications of isolating barriers?
premating, postmating prezygotic, postzygotic
33
what are premating barriers?
prevention of transfer of gametes
34
what are postmating prezygotic barriers?
mating occurs, but zygote doesn't form
35
examples of prezygotic barriers
ecological (temporal, habitat, etc. prevent mates from meeting) sexual isolation or pollinator isolation (can meet, but don't ex: different mating calls or female not attracted to male)
36
what is temporal isolation?
periods of reproduction or emergence aren't compatible think cicadas in 13/17 yr cycles
37
what is habitat isolation?
species occupy different habitats in same geographic region think ladybugs feeding and mating on different species of plants
38
what are postzygotic barriers?
mating occurs, and zygote forms but hybrids have lowered fitness
39
examples of postzygotic barriers
heliconius butterflies - hybrids have lower fitness because they don't have appearance that camouflages them as poisonous species like parental species do (example of positive frequency-dependent selection, parents surviving bc of majority phenotype) chorthipus grasshoppers - hybrids aren't as successful at attracting males bc of unique mating call
40
what are the two models of speciation?
allopatric and sympatric
41
what is allopatric speciation
speciation in non-overlapping regions more common 1) physical barrier, 2) no gene flow, 3) genetic differentiation
42
what is sympatric speciation?
speciation in overlapping regions 1) temporal/seasonal/ecological barrier, 2) individuals can still come in contact and there can be significant gene flow, 3) significant genetic differentiation
43
reminder about speciation
species ranges are subject to change, can be sympatric at one time and then allopatric at another
44
example of sympatric speciation
soapberry bugs adaptation to different beak lengths because of introduction of nonnative plant (smaller fruit)
45
example of temporal isolation for sympatric isolation
palms of Lord Howe Island early flowering couldn't transfer pollen to later flowering ones
46
convergent evolution
organisms evolving to have similar traits because adapting to similar environments not necessarily recent common ancestor
47
example of convergent evolution
sugar glider (oceania) and flying squirrel (north/central america)
48
what is phylogeny
evolutionary history of a group
49
what does a phylogeny tree do?
summarize evolutionary history can depict timing and pattern of branching events most closely related species should have the most traits in common nodes can also rotate and maintain same idea
50
choose parsimonious tree
this will minimize the amount of evolutionary change, keep it simple!
51
keep in mind, phylogenies are ___
hypotheses based on data we have
52
Homo sapiens are the ___ ___ of an otherwise extinct group of species
lone survivor
53
how long ago did human and chimp lineages diverge?
about 6-7 million years ago
54
what preceded H. sapiens?
several other species of hominin
55
what does hominin means?
any species more closely related to human than chimpanzee
56
how are H sapiens and chimps different?
H: fully upright posture, relatively hairless, smaller incisors, fully opposable thumbs, larger brain size for language, recognition of complex cause and effect, development of complex culture
57
what is not so special about humans?
technology/tool use innovation communication cultural inheritance (evolution of a culture over time)
58
anatomic differences between chimps and humans
1) flat face 2) long legs, short arms 3) very different pelvis shape 4) anterior foramen magnum (head is more central on spine, not sitting in forward posture) 5) s-shaped spine 6) curved feet
59
what are all anatomical differences adaptations for?
bipedalism
60
what is a trade off for our bipedalism traits?
terrible childbirth a lot of complications and death
61
additional differences between humans and chimps
extremely fine motor control (hand, lips, tongue, oral cavity) opposable thumbs, shorter fingers descended larynx (tradeoff: choking)
62
costs of humans having larger brains
higher metabolic rate relative to fat-free body mass than chimps, gorillas, and orangutans
63
what's an important consideration when forming a phylogenetic tree other than appearance?
geography
64
benefits of humans having larger brains
social brain hypothesis: living in large social groups could have resulted in natural selection that favored larger brains bigger groups are more successful because of cooperation and accumulated and transmitted knowledge we need big brains for language to maintain those large groups' organization
65
what does radiation mean?
the rapid evolution of multiple species from a single ancestor
66
why do we not have a great understanding of human evolution?
we have a lot of incomplete skeletons because hominin bodies are terrible at fossilization, which is what we base a lot of ancestry info on there's also a lot of closely related lineages, leading to a lot of uncertainty
67
what are some limitations of fossil records?
we don't know when hominins lost body hair or started to wear clothing
68
lice
are highly specialized blood sucking parasites that live on a single host species a lot of ape relatives have one species, humans have three
69
co-speciation hypothesis
two sets of two species diverge at the same time in terms of humans and chimps, their lice diverged at the same time as them (6-7 mya)

bio 220 (11 decks)

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