9-23b Intro to Pharmacology

Question 1

Describe the three types of drug nomenclature

Answer 1

Chemical name: (n-acetyl-p-aminophenol)
Brand name (acetaminophen)
Trade name (Tylenol, Panadol)

Question 2

What are the roles of the FDA in Pharmacology?

Answer 2

Approval: must be safe and have efficacy
Regulation
Classification: Rx vs. OTC

Question 3

What are the roles of the FDA in Pharmacology?

Answer 3

Approval: must be safe and have efficacy
Regulation: multi-phase process
Classification: Rx vs. OTC; can be reclassified

Question 4

What are pharmacokinetics? What are its stages? What factors affect pharmacokinetics?

Answer 4

How the body processes a drug

Question 5

What are the three basic concepts of pharmacodynamics?

Answer 5

site of action (where the drug exerts its effect)
mechanism of action (how a drug produces its effects)
receptor site (site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects)

Question 6

What are the three basic concepts of pharmacodynamics?

Answer 6

site of action (where the drug exerts its effect)
mechanism of action (how a drug produces its effects)
receptor site (site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects)

Question 7

What relationship determines the drug’s effect?

Answer 7

dose-response curve

Question 8

What is a threshold dose?

Answer 8

Dose at which there is a minimal response

Doctor starts with the lowest dose needed for desired response

Question 9

What is a ceiling effect?

Answer 9

Where the medication no longer has an effect

Question 10

What is potency?

Answer 10

Measure of strength or concentration of a drug required to produce a specific effect

higher potency > higher response at lower dosage

doesn’t describe safety or side effects

Question 11

What is a dose?

Answer 11

the exact amount of drug administered in order to produce a specific effect

Question 12

What is the median toxic dose?

Answer 12

amount of drug in mg dosage that it takes for 50% of people taking the drug to have an adverse effect (50% toxic dose)

Question 13

What is the median beneficial dose?

Answer 13

the amount of drug in mg dosage that it takes for 50% of people taking the drug to have an effective dose (50% effective dose)

Question 14

What is the therapeutic index?

Answer 14

The ratio of the median toxic dose (TD)/Median beneficial dose (ED)

greater the TI, the safer the drug

Question 15

What are side effects caused by? What determines the amount of side effects?

Answer 15

a drug’s selectivity high vs. low selectivity: the drug’s effect on receptors besides its target

Question 16

What are pharmacokinetics?

Answer 16

How the body presses the drug

Question 17

What are the different routes in which the drug can be administered? Give examples

Answer 17

Enteral: oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal

Parenteral: inhalation, intranasal, injection, topical, transdermal

Question 18

What is a consequence of oral administration?

Answer 18

first pass effect:
enters the GI tract and is immediately shunted to the liver, where it is metabolized before it goes into the bloodstream.The part that is metabolized by the liver does not show its effect

Question 19

What are some positives to enteral administration?

Answer 19

can be administered to an unconscious person

Question 20

What are some positives of parenteral administration?

Answer 20

not subject to first pass effect/metabolism

localized upon administration site

Question 21

What are some negatives of parenteral administration?

Answer 21

Requires a vehicle (syringe)

Can give too much easily b/c of the lack of first pass effect

Question 22

What is bioavailability? What is this dependent upon?

Answer 22

How much of the dose that will have an effect

route of administration

Question 23

How does oral administration relate to bioavailability?

Answer 23

less bioavailable, but more widely distributed (everywhere blood goes)

Question 24

How does parenteral administration relate to bioavailability?

Answer 24

more bioavailable but distributed only to the target tissue

Question 25

How can a drug move across a membrane?

Answer 25

Passive diffusion Active transport Facilitated diffusion endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 26

What factors affect pharmokinetics?

Answer 26

Route of administration, properties of the drug (lipid soluble), endogenous carriers, endogenous barriers, PT

Question 27

What are endogenous carriers? How do manufactured products utilize these?

Answer 27

natural pain killers native to the body there are receptors for native body pain killers manufactured products bind to the same receptors as these natural pain killers

Question 28

What are endogenous barriers?

Answer 28

Tight junctions | ex. blood-brain barrier

Question 29

What are some ways PTs affect pharmokinetics? What are their effect?

Answer 29

``` exercise hot pads (increases bloodflow and perfusion--increases tissue exposure to drug) ice packs (slow perfusion--decrease ability of drug to reach target tissue) ```

Question 30

What are some drug storage sites?

Answer 30

adipose (most common site) bone marrow muscle organs (liver & kidney)

Question 31

What are some adverse effects of drug storage?

Answer 31

chemicals stored without elimination can have toxic effects ex. lead poisoning

Question 32

How are drugs eliminated from the body? What are example(s)?

Answer 32

Metabolism: Biotransformation Excretion: renal, respiratory, and other places like GI, sweat, saliva, and lactation

Question 33

How does one find the elimination rate for a drug?

Answer 33

concentration of the drug per hour | % plasma conc. of drug/hrs

Question 34

What is clearance of a drug?

Answer 34

rate of blood flow and efficiency of liver and kidneys

Question 35

What is half-life? What does it determine?

Answer 35

how long it takes to get 50% of the remaining drug out of the body how often the drug needs to be administered

Question 36

What are dosing schedules based off? | What is an ideal dose?

Answer 36

half life/when most of the drug is elminiated IV, but once every 4 to 6 hours is best when that isn't an option; max therapetuic effect can happen more consistently than once every 24

Question 37

What are factors that affect pharmacokinetics?

Answer 37

genetics disease (anything affecting liver or kidney's ability to metabolize drugs) drug interaction age (efficiency of organ system decreases w/ age, also worse at excreting drugs/conc. stays higher longer) diet sex: women can be more vulnerable other factors: alcoholic (liver damaged)